1-Methyl-D-tryptophan activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a pathway associated with bladder cancer progression
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
1-Methyl-D-tryptophan activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a pathway associated with bladder cancer progression Luiz Henrique Gomes Matheus, Stephanie Vanin Dalmazzo, Rodrigo Barbosa Oliveira Brito, Lucas Alves Pereira, Robson José de Almeida, Cleber Pinto Camacho and Humberto Dellê*
Abstract Background: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is a promising target for immunotherapy in bladder cancer (BC). IDO1 breaks-down tryptophan to generate kynurenine derivatives, which may activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). AHR is an important target for carcinogens, but its association with BC progression was unknown. Two IDO1 inhibitors used in clinical trials are 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (MT) and INCB240360. Because MT is an aromatic hydrocarbon, it may be a ligand for AHR. We hypothesized that AHR could be associated with BC progression and that MT could activate AHR in BC. Methods: BC patients (n = 165) were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A cut-off point for relative expression of AHR and cytochrome 450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1; markers of AHR activation) was determined to compare with the grade, stage, and tumor progression. For in vitro experiments, RT4 (grade 1) and T24 (grade 3) BC cells were incubated with MT and INCB240360 to evaluate the expression of AHR and CYP1A1. Results: AHR activation was associated with grade, stage, and progression of BC. T24 cells express more CYP1A1 than RT4 cells. Although IDO1 expression and kynurenine production are elevated in T24 cells concomitantly to CYP1A1 expression, IDO1 inhibitors were not able to decrease CYP1A1 expression, in contrast, MT significantly increased it in both cell lines. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is rational to inhibit IDO1 in BC, among other factors because it contributes to AHR activation. However, MT needs to be carefully evaluated for BC because it is an AHR pathway agonist independently of its effects on IDO1. Keywords: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, Bladder cancer, Cytochrome P450 enzymes
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract [1]. Although the non-muscle-invasive is the most common form of BC, a significant part of these cases progress to muscle-invasive form after resection and adjuvant therapies. * Correspondence: [email protected] Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho – UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2° subsolo, Sao Paulo CEP: 01504-001, Brazil
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a conserved transcription factor that responds to several chemicals to mediate the expression of genes that control detoxification, proliferation, transformation, and regulation of the immune system. Ligand-activated AHR translocates into the nucleus to dimerize with ARNT (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) to modulate the expression of genes that encode enzymes responsible by degradation of its ligand. This process is essential for cellular detoxification, in
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