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REPORT

Tremellomycetes and Related Groups

MICHAEL WEISS1, ROBERT BAUER1, JOSE´ PAULO SAMPAIO2, FRANZ OBERWINKLER1

CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Historical Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Modern View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Morphology and Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Basidiocarps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Micromorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Ultrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. Life Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Dimorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Deviance from Dimorphism . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Mycoparasitism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Tremellomycetous Yeasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Animal and Human Pathogens . . . . . . . . V. Biotechnological Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. Phylogenetic Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Taxonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Taxonomy in Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Taxonomic Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Key Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Cystofilobasidiales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Filobasidiales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Holtermanniales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Trichosporonales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Tremellales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Possibly Related Taxa Incertae Sedis . . 1. Bartheletia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Wallemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. Introduction 331 332 332 332 332 334 337 338 338 339 340 340 340 344 346 346 347 347 347 348 348 349 349 349 350 351 351 351 351 352

Dedicated to the memory of Robert Joseph Bandoni (1926–2009) 1 Fachbereich Biologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universita¨t Tu¨bingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tu¨bingen, Germany; e-mail: [email protected]; ; 2 Centro de Recursos Microbiolo´gicos, Departamento de Cieˆncias da Vida, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

Tremellomycetes is a fungal group full of contrasts. It includes jelly fungi with conspicuous macroscopic basidiomes, such as some species of Tremella, as well as macroscopically invisible inhabitants of other fungal fruiting bodies and a plethora of species known so far only as asexual yeasts. Tremellomycetes may be beneficial to humans, as exemplified by the production of edible Tremella fruiting bodies, which increased in China alone from 100 MT in 1998 to more tha

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