3D bioprinting for the endocrine glands
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REVIEW
3D bioprinting for the endocrine glands Mervesu Gokyurek 1 & Kerim Bora Yilmaz 2,3 & Pinar Yilgor Huri 1,4 Received: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 3 March 2020 # Qatar University and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Endocrine glands regulate homeostasis of the body with the hormones they secrete. Regeneration and/or replacement of malfunctioning endocrine glands is a global need since the diseases associated with them affect more people year by year. Tissue engineering is an emerging promising field for the patients who suffer organ failure with recent pioneering clinical applications. Success in tissue engineering strategy depends on the use of proper cells, bioactive factors that stimulate the activities of these cells, and scaffolds that are produced to recapitulate the structure and support the function of engineered tissues. 3D bioprinting is a developing strategy for the production of living tissues by using bioinks to produce the cell-laden scaffolds in a layer-by-layer procedure. In this review, major endocrine glands, their functionalities, and tissue engineering strategies to produce them are covered with special emphasis to their biofabrication through 3D bioprinting. Keywords Endocrine glands . Tissue engineering . 3D printing . Bioprinting . Parathyroid . Thymus
1 Introduction Endocrine glands are responsible for hormone production. These hormones target cells that affect their morphology and functions resulting in the regulation of activities within the body including reproduction, development, growth, balance, and metabolic activities [1]. According to the report of Endocrinology Society [2], endocrine diseases increase annually worldwide. More than 5% of the US citizens are affected by these diseases every year [2, 3]. Routine clinical treatment for the endocrine diseases related with hormone deficiency includes hormone replacements and organ transplantation, where necessary. However, there is an increasing gap between the number of donors and patients who are waiting for organ transplantations. Therefore, transplantation is becoming more * Pinar Yilgor Huri [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
2
Gulhane Research And Training Hospital Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
3
Department of Medical and Surgical Research, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
4
MEDITAM, Ankara University Medical Design Research and Application Center, Ankara, Turkey
and more insufficient to meet the demand for functional organs [4]. Moreover, hormonal levels and healthy physiological states do not always match with hormone replacement therapies. For these reasons, the therapy methods that are currently in use in the clinics have inadequate, and sometimes negative, effects on the quality of life of the patients [3]. Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research for the production of functional organs in the laboratory using biomaterials and autol
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