3D printing for regenerative medicine: From bench to bedside
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Introduction Tissue and organ loss represents the final common fault of virtually all non-mental diseases including trauma, tumor resection, infections, and congenital anomalies. Tissue and organ shortage is a severe challenge worldwide.1,2 Each day, patients on various organ recipient waiting lists die before suitable donor organs become available. With aging populations, organ shortage is anticipated to exacerbate. One of the most promising features of tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine is the possibility to generate organ scaffolds that may reduce or eliminate the need for donor organs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, also called biofabrication, additive fabrication, or rapid prototyping, was developed in the early 1990s.3 It is defined as a set of techniques using computer-aided printing methods to deposit living cells, biomaterials, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, biochemical factors, proteins, or drugs on a receiving solid or gel substrate or liquid reservoir.4 Recently, there has been
growing interest in the application of bioprinting in TE due to its potential to create high throughput and efficient, scalable organ scaffolds.4,5 A number of rapid prototyping technologies have been developed for tissue and organ printing, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages, including inkjet printing,6 laser-assisted bioprinting,7 valve-based droplet ejection printing,8,9 selective laser sintering,10 stereolithography,11 and fused deposition modelling.12 Three-dimensional printing approaches share certain commonalities: (1) preprocessing to develop blueprints or computer-aided design by surface laser scan, computer tomography, magnetic resonance, or other imaging modalities; (2) processing to produce a physical 3D replica of a designed model; and (3) post-processing to improve organ maturation and further transplantation12 (Figure 1). In contrast to rapid development of 3D bioprinting techniques, there have been few studies utilizing 3D-printed scaffolds in preclinical models and even fewer have been utilized in patients or in patient clinical trials. In vitro 3D printing has
Juan Li, Columbia University, USA, and Sichuan University, China Ling He, Columbia University, USA; [email protected] Chen Zhou, Columbia University, USA; [email protected] Yue Zhou, Columbia University, USA; [email protected] Yanying Bai, Columbia University, USA Francis Y. Lee, Columbia University, USA; fl[email protected] Jeremy J. Mao, Columbia University, USA; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2015.5
© 2015 Materials Research Society
MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 40 • FEBRUARY 2015 • www.mrs.org/bulletin
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3D PRINTING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE
Figure 1. Schematics of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting for tissue and organ regeneration. (a) Fabrication of 3D anatomical-shaped scaffolds with or without cell printing and/or deposition of molecular signaling cues. (b) In vitro culture of bioprinted scaffolds with cells. (c) In vivo implantation of 3D-bioprinted scaffolds. (d) Integration
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