5 Microsporidia
The phylum Microsporidia comprises an interesting group of intracellular fungal parasites that infect vertebrate and invertebrate hosts of commercial and medical significance. Microsporidia are unique for their mode of infection, whereby the spore content
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Microsporidia
ELIZABETH S. DIDIER1, JAMES J. BECNEL2, MICHAEL L. KENT3,4, JUSTIN L. SANDERS3, LOUIS M. WEISS5
CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Occurrence and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Arthropod Hosts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Aquatic Hosts (Marine and Freshwater) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Mammalian and Avian Hosts . . . . . . . . . . III. Morphology of the Microsporidian Spore A. General Description and Common Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Species (Spores) Infecting Arthropod Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Species (Spores) Infecting Aquatic Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Species (Spores) Infecting Mammalian and Avian Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Microsporidian Invasion Apparatus . . . . . V. Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Species Infecting Arthropod Hosts . . . . B. Species Infecting Aquatic Hosts . . . . . . . C. Species Infecting Mammalian and Avian Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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VI. Systematics and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. Maintenance and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Species Infecting Arthropod Hosts . . . . B. Species Infecting Aquatic Hosts . . . . . . . C. Species Infecting Mammalian and Avian Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I. Introduction
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1 Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; e-mail: [email protected] 2 USDA, ARS, CMAVE, 1600 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; e-mail: michael. [email protected]; [email protected] 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; e-mail: michael.kent@oregonstate. edu 5 Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Room 504 Forchheimer, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; e-mail: louis.weiss@ einstein.yu.edu
The phylum Microsporidia Balbiani 1882 (Weiser 1977) is comprised of a diverse group of over 1,400 species (Didier and Weiss 2006). These organisms are obligate intracellular pathogenic protists uniquely characterized by a specialized invasion organelle, the polar tube, through which the cytoplasm and nucleus of these organisms pass during the infection of
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