5G ultra-remote robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in China
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and Other Interventional Techniques
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5G ultra‑remote robot‑assisted laparoscopic surgery in China Jilu Zheng1 · Yonghua Wang1 · Jian Zhang2 · Weidong Guo3 · Xuecheng Yang1 · Lei Luo1 · Wei Jiao1 · Xiao Hu3 · Zongyi Yu4 · Chen Wang5 · Ling Zhu6 · Ziyi Yang1 · Mingxin Zhang1 · Fei Xie1 · Yuefeng Jia1 · Bin Li1 · Zhiqiang Li7 · Qian Dong8 · Haitao Niu1 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Background 5G communication technology has been applied to several fields in telemedicine, but its effectiveness, safety, and stability in remote laparoscopic telesurgery have not been established. Here, we conducted four ultra-remote laparoscopic surgeries on a swine model under the 5G network. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness, safety, and stability of the 5G network in remote laparoscopic telesurgery. Methods Four ultra-remote laparoscopic surgeries (network communication distance of nearly 3000 km), including left nephrectomy, partial hepatectomy, cholecystectomy, and cystectomy, were performed on a swine model with a 5G wireless network connection using a domestically produced “MicroHand” surgical robot. The average network delay, operative time, blood loss, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Results Four laparoscopic telesurgeries were safely performed through a 5G network, with an average network delay of 264 ms (including a mean round-trip transporting delay of 114 ms and a 1.20% data packet loss ratio). The total operation time was 2 h. The total blood loss was 25 ml, and no complications occurred during the procedures. Conclusions Ultra-remote laparoscopic surgery can be performed safely and smoothly with 5G wireless network connection using domestically produced equipment. More importantly, our model can provide insights for promoting the future development of telesurgery, especially in areas where Internet cables are difficult to lay or cannot be laid. Keywords 5G network · Telesurgery · Robot · Computer assisted surgery · Network delay
Jilu Zheng, Yonghua Wang and Jian Zhang are the co-first authors. Zhiqiang Li, Qian Dong, Haitao Niu are the co-senior authors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-07823-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Haitao Niu [email protected] 1
Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China
2
Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
3
Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
4
Department of Information Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
With the combination of robotic and network communication technology, telesurgery has become a reality [1–3]. On the one hand, telesurgery can conser
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