(7 Z )-Tricosene Improves Pheromone Trap Catch of Raspberry Bud Moth, Heterocrossa rubophaga
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(7Z)-Tricosene Improves Pheromone Trap Catch of Raspberry Bud Moth, Heterocrossa rubophaga Andrew M. Twidle 1,2
&
David Barker 2
&
D. Max Suckling 1,3
Received: 19 May 2020 / Revised: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Heterocrossa rubophaga, the raspberry bud moth, is a pest of commercial Rubus berry crops and wild Rubus species. Its pheromone was initially identified as a single component, (7Z)-nonadecen-11-one. Here we report further investigation of this carposinid pheromone including volatile collection, gland extraction, mass spectrometry, microchemical analysis, electrophysiology and field testing. The alkene (7Z)-tricosene was identified from female gland extracts and the synthetic compound gave antennal responses from the male moth. Field testing of (7Z)-tricosene showed that it was unattractive alone but in combination with (7Z)-nonadecen-11-one it more than doubled male moth trap catch for all doses tested compared to that of (7Z)-nonadecen11-one alone. We recommend a blend of 300 µg of (7Z)-nonadecen-11-one and 300 µg of (7Z)-tricosene as an improved monitoring tool for raspberry bud moth for use by berry growers. This is the second report of the Z-alkene as a pheromone component in the Carposinidae family among the three carposisnid pheromones identified to date. Keywords Carposinidae . (7Z)-tricosene . Pheromone . Heterocrossa rubophaga electrophysiology . Trapping
Introduction Raspberry bud moth, Heterocrossa rubophaga Dugdale (formerly Carposina adreptella) (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) is a pest of commercial and wild Rubus species in New Zealand (Jeffreys 1939). The larvae feed on the growing parts of the plant, typically tunnelling into the fresh shoots, buds and fruit, although they will also feed on the leaves when these other parts are unavailable (Jeffreys 1939). This feeding behavior causes die back of the shoots and buds reducing the fruit production of the plant for the coming season, while their tendency to bore into the fruit results in immediate loss of fruit from spoilage. The native host plants of raspberry bud moth are reported to be Rubus australis (Jeffreys 1939) and Rubus * Andrew M. Twidle [email protected] 1
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
2
School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
3
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
cissiodes (pers. comm. Warren Thomas), sometimes referred to as swamp/bush-lawyer, although introduced wild blackberry bushes (Rubus fruticosus) support large wild populations of bud moth (Jeffreys 1939). The main commercial berry fruit crops susceptible to raspberry bud moth attack are raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Boysenberry (Rubus ursinus hybrid), and blackberry. Recommended control tactics for commercial berry farms inclu
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