A 433-MHz surface acoustic wave sensor with Ni-TiO 2 -poly(L-lysine) composite film for dopamine determination
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A 433-MHz surface acoustic wave sensor with Ni-TiO2-poly(L-lysine) composite film for dopamine determination Jingyi Han 1 & Mingji Li 1
&
Hongji Li 2
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Huayi Li 1 & Cuiping Li 1 & Honglang Li 3 & Lirong Qian 1 & Baohe Yang 1
Received: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A ternary hybrid material composed of Ni nanoparticles (NPs), TiO2 NPs, and poly(L-lysine) (Ply) was used as a sensing material. It was electrodeposited in situ onto a commercial 433-MHz surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator to construct a Ni-TiO2-Ply/SAW sensor. The Ni-TiO2-Ply sensing layer fully covered the resonant cavity of the SAW resonator. As the sensing layer completely covers the interdigital transducer and piezoelectric substrate, the sensing area is significantly increased, and the resonator is protected from damage or contamination. To detect the level of dopamine (DA) in serum, the fabrication of the NiTiO2-Ply sensing layer, distributions of various components in the sensing layer, and responses of the SAW biosensor to DA were investigated in detail. In addition, an electric field-assisted liquid-phase oxidation technique was developed for loading analytes onto the SAW sensors. After optimizing the pH value and L-lysine content of the sensing layer electrolyte and the pH value of the DA solution, the SAW biosensor responded to DA with a linear concentration range of 1 to 1000 nM, sensitivity of 5.77 MHz nM−1 cm−2, and limit of detection of 0.067 nM. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability at ambient temperature. Keywords Poly(L-lysine) . Nickel . TiO2 . Surface acoustic wave . Biosensor . Dopamine determination
Introduction Dopamine (DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neurochemical whose signals are among the most important
* Mingji Li [email protected] * Hongji Li [email protected] * Honglang Li [email protected] 1
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Devices, Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Devices & Communication Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People’s Republic of China
2
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People’s Republic of China
3
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
indicators of brain disorders and diseases [1, 2]. For instance, degradation of the brain DA neurons causes deficient levels of DA, indicating schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease [3, 4]. The DA level in the brain extracellular fluid is generally within the range of 1 to 50 nM [5]. According to reports in the literature, human serum contains DA at widely changing levels of concentration [6, 7]. For the assessment of human ideology in
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