A Bottom-Up Approach for Licences Classification and Selection
Licences are a crucial aspect of the information publishing process in the web of (linked) data. Recent work on modeling of policies with semantic web languages (RDF, ODRL) gives the opportunity to formally describe licences and reason upon them. However,
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Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK {enrico.daga,mathieu.daquin,enrico.motta}@open.ac.uk http://kmi.open.ac.uk 2 Universit´e Paris13, Sorbonne Cit´e CNRS UMR7030, Paris, France 3 Istitute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies - CNR, Via S. Martino Della Battaglia 44, 00185 Rome, RM, Italy aldo.gangemi@{univ-paris13.fr,cnr.it} http://www.univ-paris13.fr http://istc.cnr.it
Abstract. Licences are a crucial aspect of the information publishing process in the web of (linked) data. Recent work on modeling of policies with semantic web languages (RDF, ODRL) gives the opportunity to formally describe licences and reason upon them. However, choosing the right licence is still challenging. Particularly, understanding the number of features - permissions, prohibitions and obligations - constitute a steep learning process for the data provider, who has to check them individually and compare the licences in order to pick the one that better fits her needs. The objective of the work presented in this paper is to reduce the effort required for licence selection. We argue that an ontology of licences, organized by their relevant features, can help providing support to the user. Developing an ontology with a bottom-up approach based on Formal Concept Analysis, we show how the process of licence selection can be simplified significantly and reduced to answering an average of three/five key questions. Keywords: RDF · Licences and linked data · Formal Concept Analysis
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Introduction
Licence specification is an important part of the data publishing process on the web. Recently, a part of the Semantic Web and Linked Data community has been focusing on providing support to the expression of policies on the semantic web. The Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) provides an ontology for representing policies in the semantic web, and it is used and extended to formally express permissions, prohibitions and duties that licences include1 . The 1
http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/ODRL21.
c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 F. Gandon et al. (Eds.): ESWC 2015, LNCS 9341, pp. 257–267, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25639-9 41
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RDF Licenses database2 is a first notable attempt at developing a knowledge base of licences described following ODRL. However, identifying suitable licences is still not a trivial task for a data publisher. In the current version, ODRL identifies more than fifty possible actions to be used as permissions, prohibitions or obligations, and there are ontologies that extend ODRL adding even more fine grained policies (e.g. LDR3 ). Therefore, not only are there many licences that can be applied, but each might include any subset of the many possible features (permitted, prohibited and required actions), that need to be explored in order to obtain a small selection of comparable licences to choose from. The question that this paper aims to answer is: How can we reduce the effort for licence identification and selection? We advance the hypothesis that an ontology
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