A brief review on the growth mechanism of CuO nanowires via thermal oxidation
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REVIEW This section of Journal of Materials Research is reserved for papers that are reviews of literature in a given area.
A brief review on the growth mechanism of CuO nanowires via thermal oxidation Lijun Xiang,a) Jian Guo,b) Chenhui Wu, Menglei Cai, Xinrong Zhou, and Nailiang Zhang Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, Hubei, China (Received 22 April 2018; accepted 12 June 2018)
For one-dimensional nanomaterials, the performances are strongly related to the diameters, lengths, morphologies, and structures, implying that it is of great significance to understand the related growth mechanisms and thus to achieve the desired nanostructures. Thermal oxidation of copper has been widely used to fabricate CuO nanowires (NWs), whereas the growth mechanism still remains controversial in spite of the extensive investigations. Therefore, this review aims to offer a critical discussion about the growth mechanisms. First, the effects of different growth conditions on the growth of CuO NWs are introduced for basic understanding. Subsequently, the proposed mechanisms in different literature studies, i.e., the vapor–solid, self-catalyzed growth, stress-induced growth, stress grain boundary (GB) diffusion, and oxygen concentration gradient, are discussed and summarized. It seems that the combination of “stress GB diffusion” and “oxygen concentration gradient” mechanisms could be relevant for the growth of CuO NWs via thermal oxidation of copper.
I. INTRODUCTION
There exist more than 70% elements in the periodic table, signifying that plenty of metal oxides with various functionalities could be fabricated.1 One-dimensional (1D) metal oxide nanomaterials including nanowires (NWs) have attracted extensive attention in the past decades because of their superior physical/chemical properties which depend strongly on the diameters, lengths, morphologies, and structures.2,3 At the nanoscale, the large specific surface areas and high aspect ratios of NWs will lead to a variety of novel performances compared with those of bulk materials. Therefore, it is of great significance to efficiently control the synthesis processes and thus to fabricate NWs with desired diameters, lengths, morphologies, and structures.4 As a result, various physical and/or chemical strategies have been adopted for the fabrication of 1D metal oxide nanostructures.5,6 Up to now, it still remains a great challenge to explore the related mechanisms, which hindered the controllable growth of CuO NWs with required performances and applications.7 As a typical p-type semiconductor with a narrow band gap,5 1D cupric oxide (CuO, the higher oxide of copper) NWs exhibit excellent properties which guarantee their extensive applications in various fields, such as ion Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.215 J. Mater. Res., 2018
battery,8,9 solar energy,10 field emission,11 catalyst,12 and sensor.13,14 Recently, Sheng et al.15 reported extremely high mechan
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