A comparative study of constitutive models for flow stress behavior of medium carbon Cr-Ni-Mo alloyed steel at elevated
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ARTICLE A comparative study of constitutive models for flow stress behavior of medium carbon Cr–Ni–Mo alloyed steel at elevated temperature Yingnan Xia, Chi Zhang, Liwen Zhang,a) Wenfei Shen, and Qianhong Xu School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China (Received 31 May 2017; accepted 15 August 2017)
A series of hot compression tests of medium carbon Cr–Ni–Mo-alloyed steel, 34CrNiMo steel, were conducted on a Gleeble-1500 thermal mechanical simulator, in a wide temperature range of 1173–1423 K and at a strain rate range of 0.002–5 s1. Three constitutive models, namely the Johnson–Cook (JC) model, strain compensated Arrhenius model, and the physically based constitutive model, were established to describe the hot deformation of 34CrNiMo steel. A comparative study of the three models was investigated by comparing the accuracy of prediction of flow stress behavior. The results imply that the JC model is not able to adequately represent the high-temperature flow behavior with the existance of recovery and recrystallization. The Arrhenius-type model based on mathematics has a good prediction in the flow stress behavior in all strain ranges during the hot deformation. The physically based constitutive model gives a better prediction accuracy of the deformation behavior in both flow stress and deformation mechanism.
I. INTRODUCTION
The hot deformation of metals or alloys is a comprehensive process under the influences of temperature, strain rate, and microstructure evolution. It is difficult to make efficient quantitative analysis on hot deformation behavior of materials by experimental methods. With the development of numerical simulation techniques, a numerical simulation is widely applied to analyse the manufacturing processes of materials and are used to study the forming mechanism and further optimize the product design. Constitutive equation is the mathematical representation of the flow behavior of materials during simulation under the loading conditions.1 Consequently, describing the deformation behavior of materials accurately by the constitutive equations is the key to achieve high accuracy of numerical simulation result.2 Several models, such as empirical, phenomenological, and physical-based constitutive models, have been proposed to describe the flow stress characteristics of metals and alloys. Among of these models, the JC model3 is an empirical constitutive model, which has been widely used for different metallic materials at a large deformation with high strain rates and temperature, such as aluminum alloys,4–6 titanium alloys,7,8 and steels.9–11 However, most constitutive models coincide well with actual results only at the small strain stage.
Contributing Editor: Jürgen Eckert a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.356 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 32, No. 20, Oct 27, 2017
To predict more accurately for the whole deformation process, some mathematical models are developed. Considering the interactions bet
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