A comparison of the direct and indirect defence abilities of cultivated maize versus perennial and annual teosintes
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CHEMOECOLOGY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A comparison of the direct and indirect defence abilities of cultivated maize versus perennial and annual teosintes Natalia Naranjo‑Guevara1 · Maria Fernanda Gomes Villalba Peñaflor2 · Diego Bastos Silva3 · José Mauricio Simões Bento3 Received: 7 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The transition from a perennial to an annual life cycle, as well as domestication, are expected to increase plant growth and reproduction at the same time that anti-herbivore defences are reduced. Here, we investigated the effects of the life-history transition (the perennial teosinte Zea diploperennis to the annual teosinte Z. mays ssp. mexicana) and domestication of Zea (annual teosinte to the modern maize Z. mays ssp. mays) on direct and indirect defences against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. The direct defence of Zea was assessed by larval survival and nutritional indices based on food intake and utilisation. Indirect defence was measured in terms of the olfactory preference of the night-active predatory earwig Doru luteipes for nocturnal herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) from the teosintes and maize. Larval growth and survival were reduced on teosintes relative to maize. Whilst larvae fed on perennial teosinte had lower food intake indices, those on annual teosinte showed lower food utilisation indices relative to maize. The earwig preferred HIPVs emitted by teosintes over those by maize, but it did not discriminate between odours of herbivore-damaged annual and perennial teosinte. The nocturnal HIPV blend from maize contained the lowest total amount of fatty acid derivatives, while it had higher total amounts of terpenes compared to teosintes. Our study shows that the teosintes are better defended than maize in terms of direct and indirect defences; however, the perennial teosinte have stronger direct defences against the fall armyworm than the annual teosinte. Keywords Green leaf volatiles · Tritrophic interactions · Wild ancestors · Zea
Introduction
Communicated by Marko Rohlfs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00329-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Maria Fernanda Gomes Villalba Peñaflor [email protected] 1
Fontys International Business School Venlo, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Venlo, The Netherlands
2
Laboratory of Chemical Ecology of Insect‑Plant Interactions (LEQIIP), Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Av. Dr. Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200‑00, Brazil
3
Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
For thousands of years, crop plants have been artificially selected to optimize yield and agricultural management, such as rapid growth, larger fruits and seeds, increased palatability, synchronised flowering and simplified plant
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