A Constitutive Equation Relating Composition and Microstructure to Properties in Ti-6Al-4V: As Derived Using a Novel Int
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INTRODUCTION
ACROSS a wide range of complex materials systems, it is highly desirable to predict the performance of a material based upon quantified descriptors of relevant parameters. For structural metallic systems, these descriptors often include alloy composition, microstructure, and defect structures. Indeed, for a given material, the provision of such a phenomenological equation accurately coupling these descriptors to a given property (e.g., yield strength rys) is a principal component of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) frameworks and the Materials Genome Initiative.[1–3] The benefits afforded by a phenomenological equation that can predict properties accurately are well understood, and include reduced design time, reduced risk when inserting material for new applications/components, and increased understanding of the role of variations in composition and microstructure on the IMAN GHAMARIAN, Graduate Student, is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203. PEYMAN SAMIMI, Post Doctoral Fellow, and PETER C. COLLINS, Associate Professor, formerly with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, are now with the Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Contact e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] VIKAS DIXIT, Process Engineer, is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for the Accelerated Maturation of Materials, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, and also with the Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR. Manuscript submitted on October 1, 2013. Article published online August 11, 2015 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
materials design allowables. Examples of successful models include the notable advances in the development of computational tools to predict elastic properties in complex multi-phase alloys.[4,5] Similarly, there have been advances in the tools to predict the elastic–plastic behavior in single-phase materials. However, the development of models (e.g., a phenomenological equation or a computational representation thereof) for the full elastic–plastic behavior of multi-phase materials is quite difficult, given that the relationships between the compositional and microstructural variables are complex and rarely understood. Indeed, only rarely have researchers been able to deduce equations through extensive experimental and modeling efforts on wellstudied materials systems, including, for example, Albased automotive casting alloys[6] and some Ni-based superalloys.[7] However, as noted above, owing to the complex and often interdependent roles that composition and microstructure have on the strength of a material through the potential mechanisms in structural metallic systems,[8] such phenomenological equations are the exception rather than the norm. The complex interplay of composition and microstructure that exist for a wide variety of titanium alloys provides an exemplar of the difficulties faced experimentally. Consider the microstructure shown
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