A highly flexible laboratory setup to demonstrate granular flow characteristics
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A highly flexible laboratory setup to demonstrate granular flow characteristics With special emphasize on education and science communication Thomas Heinze1 Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Dynamics of snow avalanches or landslides can be described by rapid granular flow. Experimental investigations of granular flow at laboratory scale are often required to analyze flow behaviour and to develop adequate mathematical and numerical models. Most investigations use image-based analysis, and additional sensors such as pressure gauges are not always possible. Testing various scenarios and parameter variations such as different obstacle shapes and positions as well as basal topography and friction usually requires either the construction of a new laboratory setups for each test or a cumbersome reconstruction. In this work, a highly flexible and modular laboratory setup is presented based on LEGO bricks. The flexibility of the model is demonstrated, and possible extensions for future laboratory tests are outlined. The setup is able to reproduce published laboratory experiments addressing current scientific research topics, such as overflow of a rigid reflector, flow on a bumpy surface and against a rigid wall using standard image-based analysis. This makes the setup applicable for quick scenario testing, e.g. for hypothesis testing or for low-cost testing prior to large-scale experiments, and it can contribute to the validation of external results and to benchmarks of numerical models. Small-scale laboratory setups are also very useful for demonstration purposes such as education and public outreach, both crucial in the context of natural hazards. The presented setup enables variation of parameters such as of slope length, channel width, height and shape, inclination, bed friction, obstacle position and shape, as well as density, composition, amount and grain size of flowing mass. Observable quantities are flow type, flow height, flow path and flow velocity, as well as runout distance, size and shape of the deposited material. Additional sensors allow further quantitative assessments, such as local pressure values. Keywords Landslides · Granular flow · Laboratory setup · Education · Outreach
* Thomas Heinze [email protected] 1
Hydrogeology Department, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Natural Hazards
1 Introduction In general, a granular material is defined as discrete particles whose interspace is filled with a liquid or gas. Therefore, many rapid natural and gravity-driven flows such as rock or snow avalanches can be summarized under the term of rapid granular flows. There is a great variety of scientific experimental setups to study granular flows, some designs dating back decades. Most of the apparatus used today cover a one- to two-meter-long slope with 0.1–0.2-m-wide channels and are equipped with high-quality camera setups with high frame rates,
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