A joint extreme index for compound droughts and hot extremes
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A joint extreme index for compound droughts and hot extremes Zengchao Hao 1
&
Fanghua Hao 1 & Vijay P. Singh 2 & Wei Ouyang 3 & Xuan Zhang 1 & Silong Zhang 1
Received: 23 April 2018 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The past decades have witnessed a surge in the study of compound droughts and hot extremes, which are among the most stressful weather and climate extremes with disastrous impacts. A suitable tool for tracking properties of compound droughts and hot extremes taking into account their dependence is desirable. In this study, we proposed a compound drought-hot extreme index (CDHI) for characterizing compound extremes based on the joint distribution using copula models. Results show that lower CDHI values indicate more severe droughts and hot extremes, which enables the comparison of the joint status of droughts and hot events. The monitoring of historical compound droughts and hot extremes is evaluated based on the CDHI values and associated categories for the period of 1980, 2001, and 2011 in Texas, which demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed index for tracking the joint status of droughts and hot extremes at temporal and spatial scales. The proposed index would provide a useful tool for monitoring compound droughts and hot extremes and providing early warning information.
1 Introduction Weather and climate extremes have been shown to change significantly under global warming and have attracted much attention due to their disastrous impacts (Coumou and Rahmstorf 2012; Field et al. 2012; Trenberth et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2016; Diffenbaugh et al. 2017; Acero et al. 2018; Liang et al. 2018). For example, for all billion-dollar weather and climate disasters during 1980–2011 in the USA, the drought/heatwaves have caused around $ 210.1 billion damages (ranked the second largest after the tropical cyclones) (Smith and Katz 2013). A variety of extreme indices have been developed to characterize different properties of extremes, which are based on either absolute thresholds (e.g., temperature higher than 35 °C) or percentile-based thresholds (e.g., temperature higher than 90th percentile) (Alexander et al. 2006; Seneviratne et al. 2012;
* Zengchao Hao [email protected] 1
College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinJieKouWai St., HaiDian District, Beijing 100875, China
2
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA
3
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Perkins and Alexander 2013). For example, a multitude of drought indices, such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), have been developed for drought monitoring (Heim 2002; Mishra and Singh 2010; Liu et al. 2016). Hot extremerelated indices, such as the percentage of hot days, extreme heat factor, heat wave duration, or daily maximum temperature, have also been developed (Zhang et al. 2011; Perkins an
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