A linear mixed effect (LME) model for soil nutrients and soil salinity changes based on two localized irrigation techniq
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A linear mixed effect (LME) model for soil nutrients and soil salinity changes based on two localized irrigation techniques (drip irrigation and buried diffuser) Ines Gasmi 1
&
Basem Aljoumani 2 & Jose A. Sànchez-Espigares 3 & Mohamed Mechergui 4 & Mohamed Moussa 1
Received: 8 June 2018 / Accepted: 5 March 2019 / Published online: 26 May 2019 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2019
Abstract The sustainable management of irrigation water in arid regions poses a challenge in the face of water scarcity and climate change. This study was carried out on an arid area under greenhouse conditions. A modeling approach was used to analyze the effect of two irrigation techniques (drip irrigation and a new irrigation technique called buried diffuser) on repeated measurements of soil nutrients (organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO3−-N), ammonia (NH4+-N), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK)), sodium (Na+), and electrical conductivity (EC) at different depths of the sampling sites within the root zone of a pepper crop using two irrigation treatments: T1 (100% of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET)) and T2 (50% of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET)). As a result, the buried diffuser system significantly improves the soil nutrient levels, especially in regard to OM, TN, NO3−-N, AP, and AK, with considerable enhancement of pepper yield for the two irrigation treatments, T1 and T2. Moreover, the buried diffuser keeps the field in better soil salinity conditions than drip irrigation. Keywords Soil nutrients . Soil salinity . Soil nutrients . Arid area . Drip irrigation . Buried diffuser . Linear mixed model
Introduction Presently, developments in agriculture have become challenging in the face of water scarcity and climate change, which are evident primarily in the frequent droughts that affect even the most humid areas. Water has been identified as a scarce resource in arid regions all over the world, which leads to severe restrictions on agricultural growth. Limited resources increase Editorial handling: M. Barbieri * Ines Gasmi [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Eremology and Combating Desertification, Institut des Regions Arides, Medenine, Tunisia
2
Department of Ecology, Ecohydrology and Landscape Evaluation, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
3
Department of Statistical and Operational Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
4
Department of Agricultural Engineering Waters and Forests, Institut National Agronomique, Tunis, Tunisia
the pressure on the agricultural sector due to population growth, which in turn causes an intensification of agricultural activities (Tiwari et al. 2003). Soil water deficits rank among the highest stress limitations to plant growth and productivity. Although current surface water reservoirs have increased, water supplies used by agriculture and industry, plus human consumption, exceed available hydrological resources (Margat 2004). The Mediterranean Basin of No
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