A Model to Determine the Degree of Housing Damage for Flood-Affected Area: A Preliminary Study
Recent years, global warming and ozone depletion had impacted people’s lives in many ways. In Malaysia, floods have become a common phenomenon caused by a combination of natural factors such as heavy monsoon rainfall and human factors like poor drainage s
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words Flood Flood disaster ment Degree of housing damages
Flood housing damages Damage assess-
1 Introduction The past few decades have witnessed a rapid expansion of population in Malaysia. The population was 10,881,000 in 1970, but in 2013, the statistics indicated that the population in Malaysia has risen to 29,947,600 (Malaysian Department of Statistics [1]). The increasing population has resulted in an increase in the number of property T. Mohd (&) M.H.M. Saraf S.F.C. Pin D. Ismail T.E. Nordin M.N. Hasbullah Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, UiTM Perak, Perak, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 W. Tahir et al. (eds.), ISFRAM 2015, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0500-8_5
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ownership. Therefore, a greater percentage of the country’s land area, often in areas that previously were seen as being unsuitable for urban development and human settlement, are taken up to cater to the need for accommodation [2,3]. This increased number of properties, changes in water collection and flows and poor drainage system coupled with heavy monsoon rainfall, intense convection rainstorms, and other local factors have caused seasonal floods in Malaysia [3,4]. In recent years, floods have become very common. Following such disaster, there is often a tally of the preliminary damage assessment with respect to the injuries, loss of lives, cost of damage, and destroyed properties. With these disasters attracting considerable media attention, people are more aware of the damage that occurred at the affected area [5]. There have been numerous studies pertaining preliminary damage assessment to buildings after a flood. A variety of damage assessments had been carried out in different countries after the event of a natural disaster. There are several guidelines for assessing the degree of building damage prepared by government agencies, researchers, local authorities, and nongovernmental organization (NGO). In 2009, Attaullah Shah, Hamid Mumtaz Khan, and Ehsan U. Qazi outlined the evaluation of the buildings destroyed or damaged due to the flooding in Pakistan. The evaluation of damage is made on mud houses which are the most common type of building structure in Pakistan [6]. In USA, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has developed an operations manual to standardize the procedures in preliminary damage assessment nationwide. There are several state authorities in USA, like New Jersey and Florida, which reviewed this operation manually and did some modification to suit the type of disasters that their states often experienced. Apart from that, there are also numerous literatures that emphasized on residential properties damaged from hurricanes and floods [7, 8]. In concordance with the variety of the degree of housing damage, different countries are likely to have different construction methods, materials used, and the nature of the flood. A general assessment that determines the extent of flood-hit houses seems irrelevant in othe
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