A Novel Cluster-Based Cooperative MIMO Scheme for Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks
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A Novel Cluster-Based Cooperative MIMO Scheme for Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks Yong Yuan,1 Min Chen,2 and Taekyoung Kwon3 1 Department
of Electronics and Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 3 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea 2 Department
Received 4 November 2005; Revised 11 April 2006; Accepted 26 May 2006 A cluster-based cooperative multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme is proposed to reduce the adverse impacts caused by radio irregularity and fading in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. This scheme extends the LEACH protocol to enable the multi-hop transmissions among clusters by incorporating a cooperative MIMO scheme into hop-by-hop transmissions. Through the adaptive selection of cooperative nodes and the coordination between multi-hop routing and cooperative MIMO transmissions, the scheme can gain effective performance improvement in terms of energy efficiency and reliability. Based on the energy consumption model developed in this paper, the optimal parameters to minimize the overall energy consumption are found, such as the number of clusters and the number of cooperative nodes. Simulation results exhibit that the proposed scheme can effectively save energy and prolong the network lifetime. Copyright © 2006 Yong Yuan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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INTRODUCTION
Due to the limited energy and difficulty to recharge a large number of sensors, energy efficiency and maximizing network lifetime have been the most important design goals for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, channel fading, interference, and radio irregularity pose big challenges on the design of energy efficient communication and routing protocols in the multi-hop WSNs. As the MIMO technology has the potential to dramatically increase the channel capacity and reduce transmission energy consumption in fading channels [1], cooperative MIMO schemes have been proposed for WSNs to improve communication performance [2–5]. In those schemes, multiple individual single-antenna nodes cooperate on information transmission and/or reception for energy-efficient communications. Cui et al. [2] analyzed a cooperative MIMO scheme with Alamouti code for single-hop transmissions in WSNs. Li [3] proposed a delay and channel estimation scheme without transmission synchronization for decoding for such cooperative MIMO schemes. Li et al. [4] also proposed a STBC-encoded cooperative transmission scheme for WSNs without perfect synchronization. Jayaweera [5] considered the training overhead of such schemes.
However, in the above proposals, the multi-hop routing and distributed operations in WSNs are not taken into consideration, which limits the practical use of the coopera
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