A novel method for victim block selection for NAND flash-based solid state drives based on scoring
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A novel method for victim block selection for NAND flash‑based solid state drives based on scoring Asal Khanbadr1 · Mohammadreza Binesh Marvasti1 · Seyyed Amir Asghari1 · Sohrab Khanbadr2 · Amir M. Rahmani3
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The NAND flash memories have endurance issues in a high-performance computing (HPC) environment because of their blocks’ limited lifetime. Hence, the NAND flash block allocation and reclamation policies have a significant impact on its lifetime improvement. To address this problem, the scoring-based method is proposed in this paper, which employs priority-based victim block and active block selection methods. The priority of a block is estimated based on both of the score and a time factor. The comprehensive experiments using both realistic and synthetic benchmark traces are performed. The SSDsim simulation environment is extended to implement this method. The results reveal that in comparison with other methods, the proposed method improves endurance by at least 38%. Keywords NAND flash memory · Solid-state drive (SSD) · High-performance computing (HPC) · Cloud computers · Flash translation layer (FTL) · Garbage collection (GC) · Victim block selection
* Mohammadreza Binesh Marvasti [email protected] Asal Khanbadr [email protected] Seyyed Amir Asghari [email protected] Sohrab Khanbadr [email protected] Amir M. Rahmani [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Algorithms and Computation, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
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1 Introduction NAND flash-based solid-state drives (SSD) have been favored by both industry and academia following the development of NAND flash technology [1]. With dropping the price and increasing capacity, NAND flash-based SSD is now considered a replacement for hard disk drives (HDD) from personal computers to servers due to its desirable properties such as lower power consumption, lower weight and size, mechanical shock immunity, and also more reliability compared to HDDs [2, 3]. Thanks to the result of its continuous scaling, this technology has been successful since its introduction in the late 1980s [4]. NAND flash technologies allow bit cost decrease, including 3D stacking technologies, multiple-level flash cell technology, and 2D scaling [5]. The most effective scaling technology is 3D stacking [6]. NAND flash-based storage can achieve very high density using 3D NAND technology. Scaling has helped NAND flash technology to target both commercial and enterprise markets. They started with mobile devices and now aim at enterprise storage. One of the main NAND flash memories application is an SSD [2, 4, 5]. Despite all NAND flash storage advantages, two main issues arise from its nature. These problems are the result of erase-before-write and limited-program/ erase-cycles (limited-P/E-cycles)
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