A Novel Methodology to Detect Bone Cancer Stage Using Mean Intensity of MRI Imagery and Region Growing Algorithm
Cancer has been a plague in our society since the dawn of recorded history. The radical surgical resection represents the only chance for cure but, unfortunately it is possible in only 15 % of patients. Even at experienced centers the 5 year survival rate
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Keywords Bone cancer Gray scale growing algorithm Tumor
Mean intensity Segmentation Region
1 Introduction Cancer is a multifarious genetic disease which is caused primarily by environmental factors. The cancer causing agents (carcinogens) can be present in food, water, air, sunlight, and also in chemicals that people are exposed to. Possible signs and symptoms for such diseases include: a new lump, abnormal bleeding, a prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements, etc., while these symptoms may indicate cancer and may also occur due to other issues also [1, 2]. There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans. In 2012, about 14.1 million new cases every year of cancer occurred globally. In the same
K.E. Balachandrudu Malla Reddy Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India C. Kishor Kumar Reddy (&) G.V.S. Raju P.R. Anisha Stanley College of Engineering & Technology for Women, Hyderabad, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 S.C. Satapathy et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the International Congress on Information and Communication Technology, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 439, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0755-2_1
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year, this malignant tumor caused about 8.2 million deaths, i.e., 14.6 % of all human deaths [3]. There are different types of bone cancer that can affect different patient populations and they are often treated differently. Some of the most common types of bone cancer are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, ewing’s sarcoma, pleomorphic sarcoma, fibrosarcoma. The American Cancer Society (www.cancer.org) estimation for cancer related to bones and joints for the year 2014 represents that about 3,020 new cases shall be diagnosed, and also presumed that 1,460 deaths due to bone cancers were expected. Bone cancer like any other cancer predominantly occurs in four stages [4, 5]. Stage 1—The cancer has not spread out of the bone. The cancer is not an aggressive one. Stage 2—The same as Stage I, but it is an aggressive cancer. Stage 3—Tumors exist in multiple places of the same bone (at least two). Stage 4—The cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Since the exact cause of bone cancer is poorly understood, there are no lifestyle changes or habits that can prevent these uncommon cancers. The best way of facing it is to detect it at the earliest stage and take appropriate measure. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for cancer of the bones and joints for 2015 are: About 2,970 new cases will be diagnosed and about 1,490 deaths from these cancers are expected. The estimated number of cancer cases and deaths across USA in 2014 are listed in Table 1 and across the globe is listed in Table 2. To some extent the belief that cancer cannot be cured persists even today. In regard to the same, this paper contributes a methodology to detect cancer and estimate the mean intensity and stage of the cancer. This process is carried out in four stages namely seed point sel
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