A pathway map of glutamate metabolism
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A pathway map of glutamate metabolism Soujanya D. Yelamanchi 1,2 & Savita Jayaram 1,3 & Joji Kurian Thomas 1,4 & Seetaramanjaneyulu Gundimeda 1 & Aafaque Ahmad Khan 1,2 & Anish Singhal 1,5 & T. S. Keshava Prasad 1,6 & Akhilesh Pandey 7,8,9,10 & B. L. Somani 1 & Harsha Gowda 1,2,6
Received: 14 October 2015 / Accepted: 25 November 2015 # The International CCN Society 2015
Abstract Glutamate metabolism plays a vital role in biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. It is also associated with a number of different stress responses. Deficiency of enzymes involved in glutamate metabolism is associated with various disorders including gyrate atrophy, hyperammonemia, hemolytic anemia, γ-hydoxybutyric aciduria and 5-oxoprolinuria. Here, we present a pathway map of glutamate metabolism representing metabolic intermediates in the pathway, 107 regulator molecules, 9 interactors and 3 types of post-translational modifications. This pathway map provides detailed information about enzyme regulation, protein-enzyme interactions, post-translational modifica-
* B. L. Somani [email protected]
tions of enzymes and disorders due to enzyme deficiency. The information included in the map was based on published experimental evidence reported from mammalian systems. Keywords Activators . Feedback regulation . Glutamine and inhibitors
Abbreviations PTMs Post-translational modifications ChEBI Chemical Entities of Biological Interest
1
Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
2
School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India
3
Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
4
Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India
5
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore 576 104, India
6
YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575 018, India
7
McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
8
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
T. S. Keshava Prasad [email protected]
9
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Akhilesh Pandey [email protected]
10
Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
* Harsha Gowda [email protected] Soujanya D. Yelamanchi [email protected] Savita Jayaram [email protected] Joji Kurian Thomas [email protected] Seetaramanjaneyulu Gundimeda [email protected] Aafaque Ahmad Khan [email protected] Anish Singhal [email protected]
S.D. Yelamanchi et al.
Introduction Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized in the body through distinct metabolic pathways. It is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals (Watkins and Evans 1981) and functions as both substrate and product in many distinct reactions. It s
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