A perspective on electrical energy storage
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A perspective on electrical energy storage John B. Goodenough and Arumugam Manthiram, Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 Address all correspondence to Arumugam Manthiram at [email protected] (Received 7 November 2014; accepted 30 November 2014)
Abstract Electrochemical technologies promise to provide the means for electrical energy storage of electricity generated from wind, solar, or nuclear energies. The challenge is to provide this storage in rechargeable batteries or clean fuels at a cost that is competitive with fossil fuels for replacement: (1) of vehicles powered by the internal combustion engine by electric vehicles and (2) of centralized power plants using intermittent electricity generated by wind and solar energy or constant electricity from a nuclear power plant, all serving a variable demand. This perspective outlines existing and possible lines of materials research for the development of rechargeable batteries or the production of clean fuels within the constraints of electrochemical technology.
Introduction Electrical energy storage (EES) in high-energy-density Li-ion batteries has enabled the wireless revolution with its exponential growth of portable electronic devices. Now, EES with rechargeable batteries is beginning to penetrate the transportation sector with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVS) and with small all-electric vehicles (EVs). Large-scale stationary EES is also the most flexible option for storing economically and efficiently the electricity produced from solar, wind, and nuclear energies, especially where this storage is complemented by electrochemical capacitors.[1] It is estimated that transportation and the electric grid presently account for two-thirds of the US energy use, and transportation emits distributed greenhouse gases while the grid is largely powered by coal. Therefore, EES of electricity from other energy sources than fossil fuels is essential for a sustainable future energy supply, which has prompted governments to support alternative energy technologies, including rechargeable batteries for storing electrical energy generated by wind, solar, and nuclear energies. However, to be economically competitive with fossil fuels, it has also been estimated that batteries for largescale EES should have five times better performance and onefifth the cost of existing Li-ion batteries. The principal performance criteria for large-scale EES in rechargeable batteries are safety, cost, charge–discharge cycle life, amount of energy stored per cycle at a given power requirement, and environmental impact. After safety, the priority order of these criteria depends on the application. For example, gravimetric and volumetric energy densities are critical for portable hand-held electronic devices, whereas volumetric energy density is more important for batteries that power EVs. For stationary EES, cost and cycle life trump energy density. Li-ion batteries are used in hand
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