A Perspective on New Opportunities in Atom-by-Atom Synthesis of Heterogeneous Catalysts Using Atomic Layer Deposition
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PERSPECTIVE
A Perspective on New Opportunities in Atom‑by‑Atom Synthesis of Heterogeneous Catalysts Using Atomic Layer Deposition Junling Lu1 Received: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Catalyst precise synthesis at the atomic level is of great importance for establishing structure–activity relationships and developing advanced catalysts with high efficiency. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) relies on sequential self-limiting molecular surface reactions on substrates. Such unique features not only ensures to achieve uniform deposition on powder surfaces with high surface areas, but also offers a powerful capability of control of the deposited materials with near atomic precision. This perspective will discuss new opportunities in atomically-precise synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts using ALD. As examples, I will describe the recent key developments in ALD synthesis of supported metal single atoms, homonuclear and heteronuclear dimers, bimetallic nanoparticles as well as atomically-dispersed metal (hydro)oxide species on metal nanoparticles to form 3-dimentional metal–oxide interfaces. Such atom-by-atom construction of supported catalysts from the bottom up is hardly achieved by other synthetic methods, thus would greatly deepen atomic-level understanding of structure–activity relationships. Given the rapid development of technologies in ALD coating on powders at a large scale, atom-by-atom synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts using ALD sheds dawn light on precise catalysis for industrial applications in the near future. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Atomic layer deposition · Catalyst design · Single atom catalyst · Dimeric catalyst · Bimetallic catalyst · Metal– oxide interfaces Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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J. Lu
1 Introduction Heterogeneous catalysis is one key technology in chemical transformations, energy conversions, pollution control as well as production and/or use of alternate fuels (eg. hydrogen) [1–4]. Heterogeneous catalysts are usually synthesized using the wet-chemistry methods such as impregnation, ion exchange, and deposition–precipitation [5, 6]. However, these conventional methods have generally limited control of the catalyst structure, especially the structures of catalyst active sites, rendering a poor uniformity of catalytic active sites on supports. Such heterogeneity of catalytic active sites not only makes it difficult to link the catalytic properties with the specific active site structure, but also causes a poor activity and selectivity to the desired products in potential [7, 8]. Consequently, it is highly desirable to develop a synthetic method to achieve atomically-precisely controlled catalyst synthesis, which would in turn facilitate atomic-level understanding of the structure–activity relationships and design of advanced catalyst with high efficiency. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a variation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD
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