A phytoplankton trophic index to assess the status of lakes for the Water Framework Directive
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WATER BODIES IN EUROPE
A phytoplankton trophic index to assess the status of lakes for the Water Framework Directive Geoff Phillips • Anne Lyche-Solheim • Birger Skjelbred • Ute Mischke Stina Drakare • Gary Free • Marko Ja¨rvinen • Caridad de Hoyos • Giuseppe Morabito • Sandra Poikane • Laurence Carvalho
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Received: 25 August 2012 / Accepted: 5 November 2012 / Published online: 30 November 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1390-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
can be made on this issue. The Directive requires a classification of the ecological status of phytoplankton, which includes an assessment of taxonomic composition. In this paper, we present a composition metric, the plankton trophic index, that was developed in the WISER EU FP7 project and demonstrate how it has been used to compare national phytoplankton classification systems in Northern and Central Europe. The metric was derived from summer phytoplankton data summarised by genus from 1,795 lakes, covering 20 European countries. We show that it is significantly related to total phosphorus concentrations, but that it is
G. Phillips (&) Environment Agency, Kings Meadow Road, Reading, Berkshire RG1 8DQ, UK e-mail: [email protected]
M. Ja¨rvinen Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Freshwater Centre, The Jyva¨skyla¨ office, Survontie 9 (Technopolis), 40500 Jyva¨skyla¨, Finland
A. Lyche-Solheim B. Skjelbred NIVA, Gaustadalle´en 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
C. de Hoyos Centro de Estudios Hidrogra´ficos del CEDEX, PO Bajo de la Virgen del Puerto, 3, 28005 Madrid, Spain
U. Mischke Department of Shallow Lakes and Lowland Rivers, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Mu¨ggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
G. Morabito CNR Institute for Ecosystems Study, Largo V. Tonolli 50, 28922 Verbania Pallanza, Italy
Abstract Despite improvements in wastewater treatment systems, the impact of anthropogenic nutrient sources remains a key issue for the management of European lakes. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) provides a mechanism through which progress Guest editors: C. K. Feld, A. Borja, L. Carvalho & D. Hering / Water bodies in Europe: integrative systems to assess ecological status and recovery
S. Drakare Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden G. Free Environment Protection Agency, Richview, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin, Ireland
S. Poikane European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy L. Carvalho Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
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also sensitive to alkalinity, lake size and climatic variables. Through the use of country-specific reference values for the index, we demonstrate that it is significantly related to other national ph
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