A rapid and scalable method for making mixed metal oxide alloys for enabling accelerated materials discovery
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Sudesh Kumari Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
Daniel Jaramillo-Cabanzo Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA; and Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
Joshua Spurgeon and Jacek Jasinski Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
Mahendra Sunkaraa) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA; and Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA (Received 8 December 2015; accepted 23 February 2016)
The synthesis technique that can be used to accelerate the discovery of materials for various energy conversion and storage applications is presented. Specifically, this technique allows a rapid and controlled synthesis of mixed metal oxide particles using plasma oxidation of liquid droplets containing mixed metal precursors. The conventional wet chemical methods for synthesis of multimetal oxide solid solutions often require time-consuming high pressure and temperature processes, and so the challenge is to develop rapid and scalable techniques with precise compositional control. The concept is demonstrated by synthesizing binary and ternary transition metal oxide solid solutions with control over entire composition range using metal precursor solution droplets oxidized using atmospheric oxygen plasma. The results show the selective formation of metastable spinel and the rocksalt solid solution phases with compositions over the entire range by tuning the metal precursor composition. The synthesized manganese doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles, NiMnzFe2zO4 (0 # z # 1), exhibits considerable electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction, achieving an overpotential of 0.39 V at a benchmarking current density of 10 mA/cm2 for a low manganese content of z 5 0.20.
I. INTRODUCTION
Many grand challenges in energy conversion and storage need discovery of new materials.1 However, there are not too many reported synthesis approaches that could easily be implemented for screening and rational understanding of structure–behavior relationships. Specifically, the challenges include semiconductors for photoelectrochemical water splitting,2 stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction3 and nitrogen reduction,4 and for many heterogeneous gas–solid reactions including carbon dioxide reduction.2 Many of the above challenges require synthesis of multielement solid solutions with composition over entire range regardless of phases present. Contributing Editor: Artur Braun a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.92
The conventional synthesis method is a solid state route that involves the mechanical milling of oxides, carbonates or nitrates.5 Solid state route is highly unfavorable because it requires long proces
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