A review on the effect of rubber membrane in triaxial tests
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A review on the effect of rubber membrane in triaxial tests Mavinakere Eshwaraiah Raghunandan & Jitendra S. Sharma & Biswajeet Pradhan
Received: 12 December 2013 / Accepted: 2 April 2014 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2014
Abstract This paper presents a review on the effect of rubber membranes on the measured stress and volume change data during the triaxial tests. In many instants, the error associated due to membrane penetration is measured to be close to the total sample volumetric strains. Hence, in addition to precise measurements, adopting an appropriate correction to the measured data is pivotal. This paper provides a detailed review on the methods used to estimate and reduce the influence of rubber membrane on the measured triaxial test results. The discussion therefore clearly highlights the stiffness, thickness, and diameter of the membrane used, to have significant influence on the measured deviatoric stress and the volume change data. The mean grain size of sample has an equally significant influence on the volume change. The methods in general are limited to test conditions, and therefore, it is practically uncertain to have a generalized correction procedure. Effectively, the outcome from this review work enhances the understanding of the reader towards the effect, methods, and corrections to be considered in triaxial testing due to rubber membrane and membrane penetration effects.
M. E. Raghunandan (*) Discipline of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] J. S. Sharma Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada e-mail: [email protected] B. Pradhan Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Triaxial test . Rubber membrane . Membrane penetration . Deviatoric stress . Volumetric strains List of symbols Ac Post-consolidation average cross sectional area of the sample Am Area of contact between the membrane and the sample As Soil surface area covered by the membrane α Angle of the failure plane Dc Post-consolidation diameter of the sample d50 Mean grain size d Sample diameter dg Equivalent diameter when converted to spherical shape dm Membrane diameter V0 Sample volume prior to change in stress ΔVT Total volume change ΔVm Volume change caused by membrane penetration ΔVSoil Volume change caused by soil deformation ΔVT Total volume change Δvm Membrane effect unit area (Δvm =ΔVm/Am) Em Stiffness of the rubber membrane εa Axial strain εm Unit membrane penetration or membrane penetration per unit membrane surface area εv Total volumetric strains ɛvm Volumetric strains due to membrane penetration qm Membrane resistance σ1 Major principle stress σ2 Intermediate principle stress σ3 Minor principle stress σ3m Minor principle stress due to membrane restraint σ′c Effective confinin
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