A simple method for determination of fine resolution urban form patterns with distinct thermal properties using class-le
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A simple method for determination of fine resolution urban form patterns with distinct thermal properties using classlevel landscape metrics J. E. Zawadzka
. J. A. Harris . R. Corstanje
Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 November 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Context Relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and spatial configuration of urban form described by landscape metrics so far have been investigated with coarse resolution LST imagery within artificially superimposed land divisions. Citywide micro-scale observations are needed to better inform urban design and help mitigate urban heat island effects in warming climates. Objectives The primary objective was to sub-divide an existing high-resolution land cover (LC) map into groups of patches with distinct spatial and thermal properties suitable for urban LST studies relevant to micro-scales. The secondary objective was to provide insights into the optimal analytical unit size to calculate class-level landscape metrics strongly correlated with LST at 2 m spatial resolution. Methods A two-tiered unsupervised k-means clustering analysis was deployed to derive spatially distinct groups of patches of each major LC class followed by further subdivisions into hottest, coldest and intermediary sub-classes, making use of high
resolution class-level landscape metrics strongly correlated with LST. Results Aggregation class-level landscape metrics were consistently correlated with LST for green and grey LC classes and the optimal search window size for their calculations was 100 m for LST at 2 m resolution. ANOVA indicated that all Tier 1 and most of Tier 2 subdivisions were thermally and spatially different. Conclusions The two-tiered k-means clustering approach was successful at depicting subdivisions of major LC classes with distinct spatial configuration and thermal properties, especially at a broader Tier 1 level. Further research into spatial configuration of LC patches with similar spatial but different thermal properties is required. Keywords Land surface temperature Urban land cover classification Fragstats Class-level landscape metrics K-means clustering
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01156-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. J. E. Zawadzka (&) J. A. Harris R. Corstanje Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK e-mail: [email protected]
Recent decades have seen a rise in research (Wu and Ren 2019) regarding spatial configuration of urban form and its relationship to urban heat island (UHI) (Oke 1976) or surface urban heat island (SUHI) (Ba¨rring et al. 1985) effects, deriving from concerns
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Landscape Ecol
over climate change impacts on increased incidence of heatwaves (Perkins et al. 2012; Wouters et al. 2017) and related negative impacts on human health (Lin et al. 2009; Basara et al. 2010; Milojevic et al. 2011
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