A simulation-based method to develop strategies for nitrogen pollution control in a creek watershed with sparse data
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A simulation-based method to develop strategies for nitrogen pollution control in a creek watershed with sparse data Zhenyu Zhang 1 & Jinliang Huang 1 & Cairong Xiao 1 & Jr-Chuan Huang 2 Received: 10 March 2020 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Well-defined targets for nitrogen (N) release into the local environment are essential for water management in creeks, but difficulties often arise from working with data that are too sparse to achieve reliable evaluations. Here, a simulation– optimization approach based on the QUAL2K model was developed to put forward strategies for nitrogen pollution control in a creek with sparse data in Shixi Creek, southeast China. The model showed good agreement with field observations from 22 sampling sites sampled over the period from March 2017 to February 2019, with normalized objective function (NOF) less than 0.360. Based on this model, the water pollutant sources in the creek were distinguished and analyzed. Rural sewage discharge in Shixi Creek was the major factor threatening water quality in the stream. Seasonal variations may influence the transformation of riverine N. To make more than 80% of the area in Shixi Creek meet the water quality standard of grade III, an optimized approach is to reduce more than 55% of the N pollution from point source pollution and 10% from nonpoint source pollution. This study proposed an approach that can effectively evaluate strategies for water management in a creek watershed with sparse data. Keywords QUAL2K . Nitrogen . Water management . Point source pollution
Introduction The nitrogen (N) cycle has been radically changed by anthropogenic activities (Galloway et al. 2008; Bodirsky et al. 2014). Rivers and creeks play an important role in the N cycle through receiving pollutants from diverse sources in the watersheds, such as the excessive application of fertilizers and the increased Responsible editor: Xianliang Yi Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09954-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jinliang Huang [email protected] Zhenyu Zhang [email protected] Jr-Chuan Huang [email protected] 1
Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Control, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
2
Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
nitrogen discharge from livestock, domestic, and industrial sources which have resulted in pervasive water quality degradation (Bailey and Ahmadi 2014; Zhang et al. 2015a, 2019; Zhou et al. 2018). Due to the conflict between food production and the limited availability of planting areas, N emission and the subsequent riverine N export in southeast Asia have become a crucial issue on a global scale (Lu et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2018). Thus, well-defined targets for N release into the local environment are essential for formulating effective regional policies to reduce pollution, which are in turn ess
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