A statistical approach to controlling the size of aluminum nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A statistical approach to controlling the size of aluminum nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid Dae Cheol Choi 1 & Hong Seok Kim 2 Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) was performed to synthesize nanoparticles by irradiating a laser to a target material in a specific solvent. The effect of laser parameters on the size and deviation of nanoparticles was quantitatively analyzed using the design of experiments. The increased laser energy induced rapid plasma expansion, reducing the size of the synthesized nanoparticles. However, when the laser energy exceeds a critical value, the ablation rate was reduced because the primary synthesized nanoparticles absorb the subsequent laser energy. When the laser beam diameter increased, the probability that the vapor atoms or ions collide with each other increased, but the change in the final particle size was minimal because most of the generated particles were fragmented by exposure to subsequent laser beams. The size deviation of the nanoparticles produced by PLAL decreased with increasing laser energy and increasing beam diameter as the effect of the subsequent laser beam became prominent under this process condition. A methodology for determining the process conditions for producing aluminum (Al) nanoparticles with the desired size and minimum deviation was proposed and validated through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and simple mathematical modeling. Keywords Pulsed laser ablation in liquids . Nanoparticles . Statistical approach . Analysis of variance . Size control
1 Introduction Nanoparticles have a relatively large surface area and high surface density, so they exhibit unique and special properties that cannot be observed in bulk materials [1, 2]. The optical properties of gold nanoparticles vary with the size of the particles [3, 4], and iron oxide particles exhibit strong magnetic properties at the nanoscale [5]. Al nanoparticles have a large negative enthalpy compared to bulk Al, so they are used as energetic materials [6, 7]. Al2O3 nanoparticles are also widely used as a catalyst or catalyst support [8, 9] due to their high reactivity. Studies on the development and application of various types of nanoparticles to exploit their physical, chemical,
* Hong Seok Kim [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
2
Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
optical, and mechanical properties are actively being conducted in industries such as biomedicine, electronics, and energy [10, 11]. Various methods exist for manufacturing nanoparticles. Gas-phase synthesis [12–15], such as gas condensation, aerosol, and electric wire explosion, can synthesize
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