A Statistical Method to Predict the Hardness and Grain Size After Equal Channel Angular Pressing of AA-6063 with Interme
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A Statistical Method to Predict the Hardness and Grain Size After Equal Channel Angular Pressing of AA-6063 with Intermediate Annealing Sunil Kadiyan1
· Brijnandan S. Dehiya1 · R. K. Garg2 · Pawan Kamiya1 · Meenu Saini1
Received: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Fine-grained metals and alloys with a homogeneous microstructure can be produced in bulk quantities using the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique. In the ECAP process, improvements in desired properties and grain refinement depend on die geometry, number of passes, strain per pass, plunger speed, friction conditions, processing temperature, etc. In the present study, Al-6063 alloy cylindrical samples are processed by ECAP varying three critical parameters: die channel angle, number of passes, and intermediate processing temperature. Optical microscopy, electron back scattered diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques are used for observing grain size and refinement, deformation patterns, the formation of precipitates etc. The main consequence of the thermomechanical effect is a reduction in grain size from micro to nano is observed. This transformation makes the material better, which shows outstanding promises on ECAP results. The developed material can be highly applicable in research as well as in the automotive industry. Keywords Severe plastic deformation · Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) · Surface hardness · Microstructure · Statistical modeling
1 Introduction Aluminum 6XXX alloys present an FCC crystalline structure—optimally combining thermal, mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. These materials are widely used by automotive, marine, and aerospace industries for building structural components. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) manufacturing processes can generate very high strains in FCC alloys especially, thus improving mechanical properties and grain refinement of manufactured parts [1–3]. The SPD category includes various techniques like accumulative roll bonding (ARB) [4], repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCB) [5], torsion extrusion (TE) [6], equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) [7, 8], and back pressure equal channel angular pressing (BP-ECAP) [7–9]. Among all these techniques, ECAP appears to be the best technique for producing
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Sunil Kadiyan [email protected]
1
Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India
small or ultra-fine grain parts without changing the dimensions of the bulk sample significantly. The ECAP technique was originally developed by Segal in 1977 [7]. An extensive review of the principles of ECAP as well as a historical perspective of this technique is given in [8]. Rectangular or cylindrical samples can be processed us
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