A study on fracture toughness of nano-structured carbon black-filled epoxy composites
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A study on fracture toughness of nano‑structured carbon black‑filled epoxy composites R. Dungani1 · I. Sumardi1 · E. M. Alamsyah1 · P. Aditiawati1 · T. Karliati1 · J. Malik2 · Sulistyono3 Received: 10 July 2020 / Revised: 14 October 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Carbon black (CB)-filled epoxy nanocomposites were produced by mixing the desired amount of nano-structured CB (CBNFs) from biomass waste (i.e., bagasse, bamboo, and oil palm shell) with the epoxy resin. The fracture toughness characteristics of epoxy nanocomposites with 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% (based on wt.% of epoxy) filler loading were observed using the Vickers hardness test, and the surface morphology was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope. The results showed a decrease in fracture toughness, mainly due to cracked bridging of CB nanograins formed onto the epoxy matrix. The size of the cleavage plane decreased after the infusion of the CBNFs. It implied that the path of the crack tip was distorted because of the CBNFs, making crack propagation more difficult. The physical and mechanical properties increased when the epoxy composites containing 1% to 5% CBNFs although it was decreased at 10% CBNFs filler loading. One key finding was the morphological interaction between the CNBFs and epoxy matrix shows that various types of fracture toughness were identified, such as voids, crack propagation paths, bridging effect, and branching effects of cracks. Keywords Carbon black · Fillers · Nano-structured · Mechanical properties · Pyrolysis
* R. Dungani [email protected] 1
School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2
Forestry Products Research and Development Center, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Indonesia, Bogor 16610, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Forestry, Kuningan University, 45513 Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia
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Polymer Bulletin
Introduction Agriculture-based biomass is an appropriate and inexpensive precursor for carbon black (CB) production. CB is a form of amorphous carbon with a high surface area to volume ratio that is commonly utilized as nanomaterials. CB is often used as a pigment and reinforcement in rubber and plastic products [1], substance impurities absorbent in water filter and treatment [2], gas sensor [3], and electrical conductor [4]. Despite the recent widespread use of biomass, its utilization for cogeneration in Indonesia still needs to be optimized. Several studies reported successful applications of CB through surface modification [5–7]. The surface chemistry of CB has a strong effect on its applications since the dispersion of CB can affect mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of the filled medium [6]. Other studies reported CB can be produced from agricultural wastes, i.e., rice husk [8], stem wood of pine and spruce [9], shell of coconut and palm kernel [10], bamboo stem [11], and also shell of pumpkin seeds [12]. On the ot
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