A Theory of Security Strategy for Our Time Defensive Realism
This book advances a coherent statement of defensive realism as a theory of strategy for our time and adds to our understanding of defensive realism as a grand theory of IR in particular and our understanding of IR in general and contributes to the ongoin
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A Th eory of Sec u r i t y St r at eg y for O u r Ti m e D e f e nsi v e R e a l i sm
Sh i pi ng Ta ng
A THEORY OF SECURITY STRATEGY FOR OUR TIME
Copyright © Shiping Tang, 2010. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-62313-2 All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-38459-4 DOI 10.1057/9780230106048
ISBN 978-0-230-10604-8 (eBook)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tang, Shiping. A theory of security strategy for our time : defensive realism / Shiping Tang. p. cm. 1. Security, International. 2. Realism—Political aspects. 3. International relations—Philosophy. I. Title. JZ5588.T367 2010 355⬘.0335—dc22
2009025314
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: March 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Herbert Butterfield, John Herz, and Arnold Wolfers, who founded this more optimistic strain of realism after one of the bloodiest centuries in human history To Robert Jervis, who provided the core intellectual foundation
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Con t e n t s
List of Figures
ix
List of Tables
xi
Preface
xiii
Introduction
1
Part I
Preparing the Ground
One
Clearing the Theoretical Underbrush
Two
The Security Dilemma: A Conceptual Analysis
Three The Security Dilemma and War Revisited
9 33 73
Part II Strategic Choices Four
The Operational Code of Defensive Realism
99
Five
Reassurance: A Defensive Realism Theory of Cooperation-building
129
Part III Implications and Conclusions Six
Recategorizing Realism Theories
165
In Lieu of Conclusion: Policy Implications
179
Appendix I: World War I and the Cold War Revisited
185
Appendix II: Liberals, Conservatives, Doves, and Hawks
189
Notes
193
Bibliography
227
Index
243
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Fig u r e s
2.1 The causal link from anarchy to the security dilemma and war 2.2 Conflict of interest and the security dilemma 2.3 The continuum: From a security dilemma to a spiral 4.1 Realism’s ladder of strategies 4.2 Realism’s ladder of alliance strategies 5.1 Trust versus mistrust
41 44 65 104 105 132
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Ta bl e s
1.1 Political realism and realisms 1.2 Dichotomies for labeling the two types of states 2.1 The security dilemma according to Butterfield, Herz, and Jervis 2.2 Common errors about
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