Abrasives Salt Shells and Miscellaneous Geologic Raw Materials

This chapter contains reviews and discussions of geologic raw materials that did not fit conveniently into the systematics of the other chapters.

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George Rapp

Archaeomineralogy Second edition

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Prof. Dr. George Rapp University of Minnesota Department of Geological Sciences Duluth MN 55812-2496 USA [email protected]

ISBN: 978-3-540-78593-4

e-ISBN: 978-3-540-78594-1

DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-78594-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937806 Natural Science in Archaeology ISSN: 1613-9712 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Bauer, Thomas Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Preface and Reader’s Guide

With major limitations, the planned scope of this book is a systematic look at the mineral and rock materials that have been used from prehistoric times through the seventeenth century CE. The author has used the end of the seventeenth century as a stopping point because the expansion of the world economy and scientific knowledge at that time would have led this book to become two volumes. [The notation used for dates throughout is BCE (Before the Common Era), CE (dating to our Common Era) and BP (Before the Present) to avoid any religious connotations.] “Archaeomineralogy” may seem like a small and arcane niche in the scholarly world. However, it turned out to be very difficult to limit the number of references cited from the large universe of publications. In preparing this volume it became obvious that the number of germane articles and books lies somewhere between 5000 and 10,000. Those publications used and referenced constitute only a small fraction of the literature. Although there are over 800 references, and almost as many additions were consulted but not used, the sheer immensity of the literature precluded comprehensive coverage. Hence, the references in this volume are in no way exhaustive. Consideration of the use of specific ores grades imperceptibly into production technology and other aspects of archaeometallurgy. Consideration of metal ore and lithic sources leads imperceptibly into provenance studies and consideration of the color of gems can lead directly into gemology. It has been difficult at times to draw the line and stay on course to keep the content of this volume to a manageable size. The author has taught geoarchaeology approximately a dozen times, spann