Adaptation and Evolution in Marine Environments, Volume 1 The Impact

The poles undergo climate changes exceeding those in the rest of the world in terms of their speed and extent, and have a key role in modulating the climate of the Earth. Ecosystems adapted to polar environments are likely to become vulnerable to climate

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Series Editors Roland Kallenborn Guido di Prisco David Walton Susan Barr

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7132

Guido di Prisco Cinzia Verde •

Editors

Adaptation and Evolution in Marine Environments, Volume 1 The Impacts of Global Change on Biodiversity

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Dr. Guido di Prisco Institute of Protein Biochemistry CNR,Via Pietro Castellino 111 80131 Napoli Italy

Dr. Cinzia Verde Institute of Protein Biochemistry CNR,Via Pietro Castellino 111 80131 Napoli Italy

ISSN 2193-7338 ISBN 978-3-642-27351-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-27352-0

e-ISSN 2193-7346 e-ISBN 978-3-642-27352-0

Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012931947 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

The Series ‘‘From Pole to Pole: Polar Environmental Research during the International Polar Year 2007–2009’’ (Springer Verlag; Series Editors: Roland Kallenborn, University of Life Sciences, Norway; Guido di Prisco, National Research Council, Italy; David Walton, British Antarctic Survey, UK; Susan Barr, Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Norway) was conceived to report achievements of environmental research during the 4th International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2009. The major aim of this s