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Vivian Loftness  Editor

Sustainable Built Environments Second Edition A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition

Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series Editor-in-Chief Robert A. Meyers

The Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series (ESST) addresses the grand challenge for science and engineering today. It provides unprecedented, peer-reviewed coverage in more than 600 separate articles comprising 20 topical volumes, incorporating many updates from the first edition as well as new articles. ESST establishes a foundation for the many sustainability and policy evaluations being performed in institutions worldwide. An indispensable resource for scientists and engineers in developing new technologies and for applying existing technologies to sustainability, the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series is presented at the university and professional level needed for scientists, engineers, and their students to support real progress in sustainability science and technology. Although the emphasis is on science and technology rather than policy, the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series is also a comprehensive and authoritative resource for policy makers who want to understand the scope of research and development and how these bottom-up innovations map on to the sustainability challenge. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15436

Vivian Loftness Editor

Sustainable Built Environments Second Edition A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition

With 388 Figures and 57 Tables

Editor Vivian Loftness Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA

ISBN 978-1-0716-0683-4 ISBN 978-1-0716-0684-1 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-0716-0685-8 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0684-1 1st edition: © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 2nd edition: © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the e