Additive Manufacturing Technologies for the 3D Fabrication of Biocompatible and Biodegradable Photopolymers

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1239-VV08-05

Additive Manufacturing Technologies for the 3D-Fabrication of Biocompatible and Biodegradable Photopolymers Christian Heller1,2, Martin Schwentenwein2, Franz, Varga3, Jürgen Stampfl1, Robert Liska2 1

Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Favoritenstraße 9-11, 1040 Vienna, Austria 2 Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling. 4th Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich-Collin-Str. 30, 1140 Vienna, Vienna, Austria. e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT High molecular weight vinyl esters and carbonates based on oligo(ethylene glycol), oligomeric fatty acids and poly(hexamethylene carbonate), as alternatives for potentially cytotoxic acrylate-based monomers have been structured by Additive Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) like Microstereolithography (µ-SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP) and Two-Photon Induced Photopolymerization (TPIP). With these techniques feature resolutions down to 10 µm (µ-SLA and DLP) or even 200 nm (TPIP) can be obtained. This new class of monomers exhibits LC50 values for cytotoxicity up to two orders of magnitude lower than acrylate references. Beside a high reactivity of the resin, the shrinkage and the mechanical properties of the final part material are another essential parameter. Low molecular weight monomers are very reactive and lead to densely cross-linked materials which suffer from high shrinkage and strains within the cured material. Therefore, mixtures of high molecular weight vinyl esters/carbonates with low molecular weight crosslinkers have been evaluated regarding their photoreactivity and mechanical properties.

INTRODUCTION The design of a biocompatible and biodegradable 3D scaffold with defined pore sizes is still an important topic in tissue engineering. One approach to manufacture these scaffolds is by the curing of photosensitive resins by the means of Additive Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) like Microstereolithography (µ-SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP) and Two-Photon Induced Photopolymerization (TPIP).[1] With these techniques feature resolutions down to 10 µm (µ-SLA and DLP) or even 200 nm (TPIP) are obtainable. For this purpose new classes of monomers based on vinyl esters and carbonates and therefore, circumventing potentially toxic (meth)acrylate chemistry, have been developed. [2],[3] They were synthesized by reaction of vinyl acetate in the presence of Hg(II)OAc2 for vinyl esters and by reaction of vinyl chloroformate with alcohols for vinyl carbonate, respectively.

Basic investigations of low molecular weight vinyl esters/carbonates proofed good photoreactivity, excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties of resulting polymers, comparable to those of (meth)acrylate references. However, those low molecular weight monomers lead to densely cross-linked materials which suffer from high shrinkage and

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