Advanced Optical Components
This chapter describes a selection of advanced optical components including the underlying physical principles, production techniques and already existing or possible future applications.
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Advanced Opt 8. Advanced Optical Components
8.1
Diffractive Optical Elements ................... 419 8.1.1 The Fresnel Zone Plate Lens ........... 420 8.1.2 Subwavelength Structured Elements..................................... 427
8.2 Electro-Optic Modulators....................... 8.2.1 Phase Modulation ........................ 8.2.2 Polarization Modulation................ 8.2.3 Intensity Modulation ....................
434 435 436 436
8.3 Acoustooptic Modulator ........................ 8.3.1 Intensity Modulator ...................... 8.3.2 Frequency Shifter ......................... 8.3.3 Deflector .....................................
438 439 439 439
8.4 Gradient Index Optical Components ....... 440 8.4.1 Ray Tracing in Gradient Index Media ......................................... 442
8.4.2 Fabrication Techniques ................. 442 8.4.3 Application.................................. 444 8.5 Variable Optical Components ................. 8.5.1 Variable Lenses ............................ 8.5.2 New Variable Optical Components .. 8.5.3 Outlook on Variable Optical Components..... 8.6 Periodically Poled Nonlinear Optical Components......................................... 8.6.1 Fundamentals ............................. 8.6.2 Fabrication of Periodically Poled Structures.................................... 8.6.3 Visualization of Ferroelectric Domain Structures ........................ 8.6.4 Applications ................................ 8.7
449 450 458 458 459 459 460 461 461
Photonic Crystals .................................. 8.7.1 Photonic Band Structures .............. 8.7.2 Unique Characteristics .................. 8.7.3 Applications ................................ 8.7.4 Summary ....................................
463 464 466 469 471
8.8 Optical Fibers ....................................... 8.8.1 Historical Remarks........................ 8.8.2 The Optical Fiber .......................... 8.8.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibers ......... 8.8.4 Modes of a Step-Index Fiber.......... 8.8.5 Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) ............... 8.8.6 Pulse Dispersion in Optical Fibers ... 8.8.7 Fiber Bragg Gratings ..................... 8.8.8 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)........................................ 8.8.9 Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA) .......... 8.8.10Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers .. 8.8.11 Microstructured Fibers ..................
471 471 472 473 473 476 477 482 483 487 489 493
References .................................................. 494
8.1 Diffractive Optical Elements Today, the vast majority of optical instruments are based on refractive or reflective optical elements, most often restricted to a spherical shape. On the other hand, the demands on performance, volume and costs of optical imaging systems are increasing dramatically from one
product generation to the next, so that the search for alternative design approaches is becoming increasingly important. Significant improvements of the optical performance of imaging systems can be achieved by the substitution of conventional refr
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