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For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8431

Graduate Texts in Physics Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate- and advanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields within physics, both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the MS- or PhD-level and their instructors as comprehensive sources of principles, definitions, derivations, experiments and applications (as relevant) for their mastery and teaching, respectively. International in scope and relevance, the textbooks correspond to course syllabi sufficiently to serve as required reading. Their didactic style, comprehensiveness and coverage of fundamental material also make them suitable as introductions or references for scientists entering, or requiring timely knowledge of, a research field.

Series Editors Professor Richard Needs Cavendish Laboratory JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK E-mail: [email protected] Professor William T. Rhodes Florida Atlantic University Imaging Technology Center Department of Electrical Engineering 777 Glades Road SE, Room 456 Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA E-mail: [email protected] Professor H. Eugene Stanley Boston University Center for Polymer Studies Department of Physics 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Room 204B Boston, MA 02215, USA E-mail: [email protected]

Rainer Dick

Advanced Quantum Mechanics Materials and Photons With 62 Figures

123

Rainer Dick University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5E2, Canada [email protected]

ISSN 1868-4513 e-ISSN 1868-4521 ISBN 978-1-4419-8076-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-8077-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8077-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943751 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012  All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface Quantum mechanics was invented in an era of intense and seminal scientific research between 1900 and 1928 (and in many regards continues to be developed and expanded) because neither the properties of atoms and electrons, nor the spectrum of radiation from heat sources could be explained by the classical theories of mechanics, electrodynamics and thermodynamics. It was a major intellectual achievement and a breakthrough of curiosity driven fundamen