Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

As an addition to the European postgraduate training system for young neurosurgeons we began to publish in 1974 this series of Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societie

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Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

VoI. 23 Edited by F. Cohadon, Bordeaux (Editor-in-Chief), V. V. Dolenc, Ljubljana, J. Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, H. Nomes, Oslo, J. D. Pickard, Cambridge, H.-J. Reulen, Munich, A. J. Strong, London, N. de Tribolet, Lausanne, C. A. F. Tulleken, Utrecht

Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH

With 89 partly coloured Figures

This work is subject to copyright. AII rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Wien Origina11y published by Springer-VerlagIWien in 1997 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1997 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 74- 10499 Graphic design: Ecke Bonk Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature. Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper

ISSN 0095-4829

ISBN 978-3-7091-7348-0 ISBN 978-3-7091-6549-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-6549-2

Valedictory Note At the time of his retirement from active practice in 1995, Professor Lindsay Symon stepped down as Editor-in-Chief of "Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery". I would like to express, in the name of all the members of the Editorial Board, our appreciation and gratitude to him for his distinguished service to our Publication over the last ten years. Under his direction "Advances and Technical Standards" has maintained and reinforced its position as a major source of references in Neurosurgery throughout Europe and beyond, amply fulfilling the aims of its founders in 1974. During his period of office it was the priviledge of the Board to meet every first Saturday of December at the National Hospital, Queen Square; the intellectual vigor and integrity, and the spirit of leadership of Lindsay Symon has made each one of these meetings a feast of shared knowledge and friendship. The work of the Editorial Board continues in Bordeaux in the same tradition, dedicated to academic excellence, professional reliability and, not the least, European friendship. Franr;ois Cohadon Editor-in-Chief

Preface As an addition to the European postgraduate training system for young neurosurgeons we began to publish in 1974 this series of Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. This series was first discussed in 1972 at a combined meeting of the Italian and German Neurosurgical Societies in Taormina, the founding fathers of the series being Jean Brihaye, Bernard Pertuiset, Fritz Loew and Hugo KrayenbtihI. Thus were established the principles of European cooperation which have been born from the European spirit, flourished in the European Association, and have throughout been associa