Advances in Open Domain Question Answering
Automated question answering - the ability of a machine to answer questions, simple or complex, posed in ordinary human language - is one of today’s most exciting technological developments. It has all the markings of a disruptive technology, one that is
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Text, Speech and Language Technology VOLUME 32 Series Editors Nancy Ide, Vassar College, New York Jean Véronis, Université de Provence and CNRS, France Editorial Board Harald Baayen, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands Kenneth W. Church, AT & T Bell Labs, New Jersey, USA Judith Klavans, Columbia University, New York, USA David T. Barnard, University of Regina, Canada Dan Tufis, Romanian Academy of Sciences, Romania Joaquim Llisterri, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain Stig Johansson, University of Oslo, Norway Joseph Mariani, LIMSI-CNRS, France
The titles published in this series are listed on www.springer.com
Advances in Open Domain Question Answering Edited by
Tomek Strzalkowski University at Albany, SUNY, NY, U.S.A.
and
Sanda Harabagiu University of Texas at Dallas, TX, U.S.A.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-4745-9 (PB) ISBN 978-1-4020-4744-2 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-4746-6 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2008 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
CONTENTS
Contributors
ix
Preface
xv
Introduction
xxiii
PART 1: Approaches to Question Answering
1
D. MOLDOVAN, M. PAŞCA AND M. SURDEANU SOME ADVANCED FEATURES OF LCC’S POWERANSWER
3
ABRAHAM ITTYCHERIAH A STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR OPEN DOMAIN QUESTION ANSWERING
35
JOSE L. VICEDO AND ANTONIO FERRÁNDEZ COREFERENCE IN Q&A
71
PART 2: Question Processing
97
SANDA M. HARABAGIU QUESTIONS AND INTENTIONS
99
TOMEK STRZALKOWSKI, SHARON SMALL, HILDA HARDY, PAUL KANTOR, WU MIN, SEAN RYAN, NOBUYUKI SHIMIZU, LIU TING, NINA WACHOLDER AND BORIS YAMROM QUESTION ANSWERING AS DIALOGUE WITH DATA
149
vi
CONTENTS
B. GRAU, O. FERRET, M. HURAULT-PLANTET, C. JACQUEMIN, L. MONCEAUX, I. ROBBA AND A. VILNAT COPING WITH ALTERNATE FORMULATIONS OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 189 PART 3: Question Answering as Information Retrieval
227
L. GRUNFELD AND K.L. KWOK SENTENCE RANKING USING KEYWORDS AND META-KEYWORDS
229
CHARLES L. A. CLARKE, GORDON V. CORMACK, THOMAS R. LYNAM AND EGIDIO L. TERRA 259 QUESTION ANSWERING BY PASSAGE SELECTION DRAGOMIR R. RADEV, HONG QI, ZHIPING ZHENG, SASHA BLAIR-GOLDENSOHN, ZHU ZHANG, WEIGUO FAN AND JOHN PRAGER 285 QUERY MODULATION FOR WEB-BASED QUESTION ANSWERING PART 4: Answer Extraction
305
JOHN M. PRAGER, JENNIFER CHU-CARROLL, ERIC W. BROWN AND KRZYSZTOF CZUBA QUESTION ANSWERING BY PREDICTIVE ANNOTATION
307
ROHINI K. SRIHARI, WEI LI AND XIAOGE LI QUESTION ANSWERING SUPPORTED BY MULTIPLE LEVELS OF INFORMATION EXTRACTION 349 ABDESSAMAD ECHIHABI, ULF HERMJAKOB,
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