Advances in sophorolipid-producing strain performance improvement and fermentation optimization technology
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MINI-REVIEW
Advances in sophorolipid-producing strain performance improvement and fermentation optimization technology Ya Li 1 & Yang Chen 1 & Xiwei Tian 1 & Ju Chu 1 Received: 3 September 2020 / Revised: 7 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Sophorolipids (SLs), currently one of the most promising biosurfactants, are secondary metabolites produced by many nonpathogenic yeasts, among which Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 is the main sophorolipid-producing strain. SLs have gained much attention since they exhibit anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial biological activities. In addition, as biosurfactants, SLs have a low toxicity level and are easily degradable without polluting the environment. However, the production cost of SLs remains high, which hinders the industrialization process of SL production. This paper describes SL structure and the metabolic pathway of SL synthesis firstly. Furthermore, we analyze factors that contribute to the higher production cost of SLs and summarize current research status on the advancement of SL production based on two aspects: (1) the improvement of strain performance and (2) the optimization of fermentation process. Further prospects of lowering the cost of SL production are also discussed in order to achieve larger-scale SL production with a high yield at a low cost. Key points • Review of advances in strain performance improvement and fermentation optimization. • High-throughput screening and metabolic engineering for high-performance strains. • Low-cost substrates and semi-continuous strategies for efficient SL production. Keywords Sophorolipids . Strain performance . Fermentation process optimization . Biosurfactant
Introduction With an improved awareness of environment conservation, biosurfactants have attracted much attention because they have a low toxicity level, and are degradable, and environment friendly. The biosurfactant market is expected to reach $17.27 billion by 2022, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.1% between 2017 and 2022 (Markets and markets TM. 2017 (https://www.marketsandmarkets.com)). As a biosurfactant, sophorolipids (SLs) exhibit general properties of chemical surfactants, such as being soluble, as well as having the ability to
* Xiwei Tian [email protected] * Ju Chu [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
emulsify, to wet, to foam, to disperse, and to reduce surface tension (Van Bogaert et al. 2007). SLs have been used in petroleum, soil remediation, food, cosmetics, detergents, and pharmacy fields. Moreover, SLs have also been proven to have great potential as an anti-bacterial and anti-cancer agent (Chen et al. 2006; Díaz De Rienzo et al. 2015; Hirata et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2019). Advancements in recent years have enabled the synthesis of SLs with different structures and functions, maki
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