Agency and Integrality Philosophical Themes in the Ancient Discussio
It is not very surprising that it was no less true in antiquity than it is today that adult human beings are held to be responsible for most of their actions. Indeed, virtually all cultures in all historical periods seem to have had some conception of hum
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PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES SERIES IN PHILOSOPHY
Editors: WILFRID SELLARS, University of Pittsburgh KEITH LEHRER, University of Arizona
Board of Consulting Editors: JONATHAN BENNETT, Syracuse University ALLAN GIBBARD, University of Michigan ROBERT STALNAKER, Cornell University ROBERT G. TURNBULL, Ohio State University
VOLUME 32
MICHAELJ. WHITE Department of Philosophy, Arizona State University
AGENCY AND INTEGRALITY Philosophical Themes in the Ancient Discussions of Determinism and Responsibility
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
White, MichaelJ., 1948Agency and integrality. (Philosophical studies series in philosophy; v. 32) Includes bibliographies and indexes. 1. Determinism (Philosophy)--History. 2. Responsibility-History. 3. Causation-History. 4. Philosophy, Ancient. 1. Title. II. Series. 123 85-18257 B187.D47W44 1985 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8857-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5339-0 DOl: 978-94-009-5339-0
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland.
All Rights Reserved.
© 1985 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ix
PREFACE CHAPTER ONE: Introduction: The Immortal Chimpanzee at its Typewriter A. Plenitude and the Temporal-Frequency Model of the Modalities B. Plenitude and Atomist Cosmology? C. Summary and Conclusion Notes
1 4 5 6
The Legacy of Aristotle Pitfalls Three Types of Necessity Aristotle's Fundamental Modal Principle Absolute Necessity and the Ultimate Mover Aristotle and Determinism (1) The "Proto-Reconciliationist" Option (2) The "Straightforward" Indeterminist Options (3) The Future-Indeterminacy/Past-Determinism Option F. The Energeia- Kinesis Distinction and Aristotelian Determinism G. Summary and Conclusion Notes
8 8 11 19 23 28 39 39 42
Diodorean Fatalism A. Diodorus the Megarian? B. Diodorus' Denial of Motion C. Diodorus' Account of the Alethic Modalities and His Fatalism D. The Master Argument and Diodorean Fatalism E. Summary and Conclusion Notes
69 69 72
CHAPTER TWO:
A. B. C. D. E.
CHAPTER THREE:
v
54 58 61
75 79 90 92
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI
Chrysippus' Compatibilism A. The Avoidance of Necessity and Retention of Fate B. "Obscure Causes" and Chrysippus' Compatibilism C. "What Is Up to Us" and Fate D. Chrysippean and Spinozistic Reconciliationism E. Summary and Conclusion Notes
98 100 115 120 127 132 13
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