Airborne and belowground phytotoxicity of invasive Ageratina adenophora on native species in Nepal
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Airborne and belowground phytotoxicity of invasive Ageratina adenophora on native species in Nepal Lal B. Thapa
. Krittika Kaewchumnong
. Aki Sinkkonen . Kitichate Sridith
Received: 23 December 2019 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Volatile compounds from leaf litter of invasive alien Ageratina adenophora are known to inhibit growth of native species in sub-tropical Asia, but there is not much evidence if the litter affects tree species. In particular, the relative importance of airborne inhibition versus belowground effect of invaded soil on tree species is rarely explored. We used A. adenophora uninvaded and invaded soils to follow germination and seedling growth of a native Nepalese tree Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. in the presence and absence of leaf litter of A. adenophora. We also compared diversity of native species in the uninvaded and invaded sites in Nepal. We found that A. adenophora invasion is associated with lower native species richness and correlated with lower tree canopy cover. Invaded soil and the proximity of A. adenophora leaf litter decreased seed germination rate of S. wallichii. Both invaded soil and leaf litter of the Communicated by Chuihua Kong. L. B. Thapa Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal K. Kaewchumnong (&) K. Sridith Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla 90112, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] A. Sinkkonen Natural Resources Institute Finland, Horticulture Technologies, Ita¨inen Pitka¨katu 4A, 20520 Turku, Finland
weed inhibited S. wallichii shoot and root biomass accumulation independently of each other. As far as we know, this is the first study to report these two effects simultaneously. In conclusion, belowground effects of A. adenophora invaded soil and airborne effects of leaf litter have a potential to inhibit native tree regeneration in Nepalese Schima–Alnus forests. Maintaining high canopy cover and removing litter of the weed should be tested to control its invasion. Keywords Biological invasion Germination and seedling growth Plant–soil interaction Schima wallichii Species richness
Introduction Invasive alien plant species are known to change soil characteristics (Ehrenfeld 2003; Vila et al. 2011), e.g., root exudates, decomposing litter and symbiotic bacteria can cause cascading effects on native ecosystems (Ens et al. 2009; Sinkkonen 2003; Sinkkonen et al. 2014). Defense or antimicrobial secondary metabolites produced by invaders act against native species growth (Callaway and Ridenour 2004; He et al. 2009; Sinkkonen 2006a, 2007) or change soil invertebrate communities and thus aid the invading species (Sinkkonen et al. 2014). Adverse effects of invasive species on biogeochemical processes and
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resource availability as well as the release of novel chemicals within invaded range can reduce the abundance of native plants (Wolfe and Klironomos 2005). Volatile and soil-based n
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