Airborne particles in city bus: concentrations, sources and simulated pulmonary solubility
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Airborne particles in city bus: concentrations, sources and simulated pulmonary solubility Milosˇ Miler
Received: 15 December 2019 / Accepted: 30 October 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Ljubljana city bus were monitored during entire shift, and individual particles were morphologically and chemically characterised in order to determine PM concentration variability, particle sources, solubility in simulated pulmonary environment and effects on human health. PM measurements revealed high mean PM10 (82.8 lg/m3) and PM2.5 (47 lg/m3), which were highest and most variable during rush hours with fluid traffic and lowest during traffic jams with standing vehicles. Individual particle analysis showed that airborne particles were dominated by metalbearing phases, particularly small-sized (Cr,Mn,Zn)bearing Fe-oxyhydroxides and Al-/Fe-Al-oxides, large (Fe,Cr,Ni)- and (Cu,Zn,Ni)-alloys, and smallsized Sb-sulphide and Ba-sulphate. Non-metallic phases were represented by (Ca,Mg)-carbonates, Alsilicates, Na-chloride and Ca-sulphate. Comparison with possible source materials (vehicle exhaust emissions, brake disc dust and road sediment) showed that primary sources of these metal-bearing phases were wear of brake discs, brake pads and tyres, and also wear of engine components and catalytic converters. Most non-metallic phases originated from resuspension of road sediment, containing road sanding materials, but also from emissions of burned fuel M. Miler (&) Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimicˇeva ulica 14, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected]
and lubricating oil (Ca-sulphate). Assessment of effects on human health indicated that mean PM concentrations, which significantly exceeded daily limit values, increased mortality (by 2–3%) and morbidity (by 7–8%) risk for bus drivers. Simplified PHREEQC calculations of airborne metal-bearing phase solubility in aqueous solutions simulating pulmonary environment showed that metallic Fe, Ba-sulphate, Sb-sulphide and Al-oxide, partly also Cu-bearing metal alloys, were soluble under reducing and oxidising conditions, but released metals were removed from solution by precipitation of stable secondary metal-bearing phases. Keywords City bus Particulate matter concentrations SEM/EDS characterisation Sources Simulated pulmonary solubility
Introduction The urban environment in which we live today is increasingly burdened with various potentially harmful solid airborne pollutants that diminish quality of human life (Bell and Holloway 2007; Mills-Knapp et al. 2012) and also have negative influence on the environment and the rest of the ecosystems either due to their chemical composition and (in)stability in the environment or size. Many researches have
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Environ Geochem Health
established that particle pollution has a great negative impact on human health (Gilmour et al. 1996; Breed et al. 2002; Krsmanovic´ 2003; Chen et al. 2006; Slanina 2006; Anderson et al. 20
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