alloy design,using second phases
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The Metallurgical Society of AIME
Alloy Design, Using Second Phases
RAYMOND F. D E C K E R
Second p h a s e s a r e u s e d w i d e l y in the d e s i g n of a l l o y s . The s t a t e of e n l i g h t e n m e n t in t h e i r u s e is r e v i e w e d . Attention is paid to a) p r o c e s s e s to i n s e r t s e c o n d p h a s e s , b) d e s i g n of s e c o n d p h a s e m o r p h o l o g y , and c) the use of s e c o n d p h a s e s to c o n t r o l g r a i n s t r u c t u r e (size, o r i e n t a t i o n , shape) and d i s l o c a t i o n n e t w o r k s . O p t i m i z a t i o n of d e s i g n for s t r e n g t h , d u c t i l i t y and t o u g h n e s s , fatigue r e s i s t a n c e , s t r e s s c o r r o s i o n c r a c k i n g r e s i s t a n c e and f a b r i e a b i l i t y is t r e a t e d .
IN
the 1932 IMD l e c t u r e on a g e - h a r d e n i n g , 1 Paul D. M e r t c a c o m m e n t e d that the M e t a l l u r g i s t " . . . has b e e n o b l i g e d to d i s c o v e r r a t h e r than to d e s i g n a l l o y s . In this new-found a b i l i t y to a l t e r s y s t e m a t i c a l l y and u n i v e r s a l l y the p r o p e r t i e s in any alloy, we m a y s e e one of the d i r e c t i o n s in which p r o g r e s s is being m a d e in the p o t e n t i a l a r t of alloy b u i l d i n g . " R e m a r k a b l e p r o g r e s s had a l r e a d y taken p l a c e in the 27 y e a r s following W i l m ' s d i s c o v e r y of age h a r d e n i n g in D u r a l u m i n . W e r e he to v i e w the m e t a l l u r g i c a l s c e n e today, Dr. M e r i c a would be a s t o n i s h e d at the f u r t h e r a d v a n c e s in alloy design, using s e c o n d p h a s e s . Our p r o f e s s i o n has RAYMONDF. DECKERis Directorof Researchand Developmentof The International NickelCompany,Inc. Dr. Deckerwas trained in MetallurgicalEngineering, receivinga Ph.D. in 1958 from the Universityof Michigan. His principle role since 1960 has been in industrial researchmanagement,in addition to which Dr. Deckerhas servedas AdjunctProfessorat PolytechnicInstitute of Brooklyn and at NewYork University.He was recently a memberof the AdvisoryCouncil for MetallurgicalEngineeringat MichiganTechnologicalUniversity. Dr. Deckeris a co-inventorof maragingsteel, as noted by the IR-100Award in 1964. He receivedthe SesquicentennialAwardof the Universityof Michiganin 1967, and the AchievementAwardof ASM'sNewYork chapter for 1970. He holds numerous patents in both the United States and abroad, and is the author of many technicalarticleson nickel-containingmaterials. Dr. Deckeris past Chairman of the MaterialsSystemsand DesignDivisionof the AmericanSocietyfor Metals, and is also a Fellowof that Society. METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONS
m u l t i p l i e d the n u m b e r of a l l o y b a s e s , the p r o c e s s e s to i n s e r t the s e c o n d p h a s e s , and the a p p l i c a t i o n s of such alloys. In fact, now we can s p e a k in t e r m s much b r o a d e r than " h a r d e n i n g . " Second p h a s e s can a l s o soft
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