Amazonian Dark Earths Origin Properties Management
Amazonian Dark Earths are not only a testament to the vanished civilizations of the Amazon Basin, but may provide the answer to how the large, sophisticated societies were able to sustain intensive agriculture in an environment with mostly infertile soils
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KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
1-4020-2597-1 1-4020-1839-8
©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America
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TO WIM SOMBROEK A valued colleague and friend, the father of contemporary Terra Preta research, and the inspiration for this book.
TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Authors
xi
Preface
xv
Foreword
xix
DISCOVERING AMAZONIAN DARK EARTHS Chapter 1: Development of Anthrosol Research W.I. Woods
3
Chapter 2: Historical Perspectives on Amazonian Dark Earths T.P. Myers, W.M. Denevan, A. Winklerprins, A. Porro
15
Chapter 3: Historical and Socio-cultural Origins of Amazonian Dark Earths E.G. Neves, J.B. Petersen, R.N. Bartone, C.A. da Silva
29
Chapter 4: Distribution of Amazonian Dark Earths in the Brazilian Amazon D.C. Kern, G. D’Aquino, T.E. Rodrigues, F.J.L. Frazão W. Sombroek, T.P. Myers, E.G. Neves
51
Chapter 5: Classification of Amazonian Dark Earths and other 77 Ancient Anthropic Soils N. Kämpf, W.I. Woods, W. Sombroek, D.C. Kern, T.J.F. Cunha
PROPERTIES OF AMAZONIAN DARK EARTHS Chapter 6: Soil Fertility and Production Potential J. Lehmann, D.C. Kern, L.A. German, J. McCann, G.C. Martins, A. Moreira
105
Chapter 7: Amazonian Dark Earths as Carbon Stores and Sinks W. Sombroek, M.L. Ruivo, P.M. Fearnside, B. Glaser, J. Lehmann
125
Chapter 8: Soil Organic Matter Stability in Amazonian Dark Earths B. Glaser, G. Guggenberger, W. Zech, M.L. Ruivo
141
Chapter 9: Agrobiodiversity in Amazônia and its Relationship with Dark Earths C.R. Clement, J.M. McCann, N.J.H. Smith
159
Chapter 10: Ethnoscientific Understandings of Amazonian Dark Earths L. German
179
vii
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF AMAZONIAN DARK EARTHS Chapter 11: Archaeobotanical Methods for the Study of Amazonian Dark Earths S. Mora
205
Chapter 12: Organic Chemistry Studies on Amazonian Dark Earths B. Glaser, G. Guggenberger, W. Zech
227
Chapter 13: The Use of Micromorphology for the Study of the 243 Formation and Properties of Amazonian Dark Earths M.L.P. Ruivo, M.A. Arroyo-Kalin, C.E.R. Schaefer, H.T. Costi, S.H.S. Arcanjo, H.N. Lima, M.M. Pulleman, D. Creutzberg Chapter 14: Determining Nutrient Bioavailability of Amazonian Dark Earth Soils – Methodological Challenges N.P.S. Falcão, N. Comerford, J. Lehmann
255
Chapter 15: Soil Physical Characterization W.G. Teixeira, G.C. Martins
271
Chapter 16: Amazonian Dark Earths: Biological Measurements J. Thies, K. Suzuki
287
Chapter 17: Pedogeochemical and Mineralogical Analyses of Amazonian Dark Earths M.L. da Costa, D.C. Kern, N. Kämpf
333
AMAZONIAN DARK EARTH MANAGEMENT Chap
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