An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry
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23RD INTERNATIONAL SEAWEED SYMPOSIUM, JEJU
An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry Cicilia S. B. Kambey 1,2 & Iona Campbell 3 & Calvyn F. A. Sondak 4 & Adibi R. M. Nor 5 & Phaik E. Lim 1 & Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook 3 Received: 2 August 2019 / Accepted: 12 December 2019 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Indonesia is the world largest producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma; however, this country is facing significant challenges such as disease outbreaks, epiphyte infestations and a loss in seedling quality. Biosecurity practices have been widely adopted in other aquaculture sectors and when enforced can help to limit the introduction and spread of diseases and pests. To assess current capacity for biosecurity in seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia, a systematic analysis of policy frameworks including legislation, regulatory tools, and national standards was conducted. Biosecurity themes and risks were used to evaluate current national biosecurity content. The results identified major challenges faced by the industry in order to implement biosecurity policies in practice. Barriers to implementation included unspecific reference to the seaweed aquaculture sector, limited variety of approaches to biosecurity, limited use of up-to-date scientific evidence, insufficient guidance for the use of precaution and insufficient inclusion of specific biosecurity hazards. In general, although national regulations are currently under revision, current policies indicate a lack of clarity where biosecurity is included. Six recommendations are suggested to incorporate proactive biosecurity actions into current frameworks, with the aim of improving the health and sustainability of the seaweed aquaculture sector in Indonesia. Keywords Biosecurity . Indonesia . Seaweed aquaculture . Kappaphycus . Eucheuma . Legislation . Policy
Introduction Seaweed aquaculture has been practiced for over five decades in Indonesia following the introduction of the red Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-02020-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Cicilia S. B. Kambey [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Oceanography Major, Pusan National University, Busan Metro City 46241, Republic of Korea
3
Blue Economy, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
4
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
5
The International Institute of Public Policy and Management, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
carrageenan-producing species Eucheuma sp. and Kappaphycus spp. in the late 1960s and 1980s, respectively (Hurtado et al. 2016; Neish et al. 2017). Production of this crop increased exponentially and Indonesia is currently the largest global produ
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