An Impact of Perceived Social Support on Old Age Well-Being Mediated by Spirituality, Self-esteem and Ego Integrity
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An Impact of Perceived Social Support on Old Age Well‑Being Mediated by Spirituality, Self‑esteem and Ego Integrity Zahida Ilyas1 · Sarah Shahed1 · Safdar Hussain2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Good in physical health is a positive outcome in later life associated with wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to address the factors involved in friends, family and someone’s special support that affect physical well-being and psychological well-being, mediated by the spirituality, self-esteem and ego integrity among older adults. Respondents (410) were selected through questionnaire sampling technique from the age of 61 years and above from the four different divisions of Punjab province of Pakistan. It revealed that the hypotheses family support and someone’s special support have a positive impact on spirituality, while friends support has a negative impact on spirituality. Spirituality has a slightly positive impact on self-esteem and ego integrity. Self-esteem and ego integrity have a positive influence on physical and physiological well-being, whereas ego integrity has a negative effect and physical well-being. Health and psychological well-being are closely related to each other, which can be distinguished by life satisfaction, happiness and sadness feelings, the meaning of life and sense of purpose. For the enhancement of social support mechanisms, social workers should consider community setting of older people in the Pakistani context. Keywords Life satisfaction · Older adults · Physical health · Self-esteem · Wellbeing
* Sarah Shahed [email protected] Safdar Hussain [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
2
Department of Economics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Religion and Health
Introduction In modern times with notable demographic developments, the oldest population is being progressive virtually. In the world, European and North American countries have the maximum ratio of older people; however, Europe is shrinking by the young population which is a demographic weakness of its population. By 2020, one billion populations will reach over the age of 60 years, and by 2050, it will touch near two billion, which is 22% of the total world’s population. The segmentation of 80 years and above age, predicted higher from 1% to 4%, which is increasing progressively than the younger population (DESA 2010; Immerfall and Therborn 2009). In developing countries like Pakistan, the aging population is a major concern as well as, disabilities extents, especially after the 50 years of age, are increasing. With the projected increase in population from the age of 60 years and above in Pakistan, it will increase from nine million (current situation) to 42 million in 2050 approximately (Kemal et al. 2003; Nations 2002). The notation that if population ages will increase, health sys
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