An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study with optimized echo-time technique for concurrent quantification
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study with optimized echo‑time technique for concurrent quantification and T2 measurement targeting glutamate in the rat brain Chi‑Hyeon Yoo1,2,3 · Hyeon‑Man Baek2 · Kyu‑Ho Song4 · Dong‑Cheol Woo3 · Bo‑Young Choe1 Received: 22 August 2019 / Revised: 7 March 2020 / Accepted: 10 March 2020 © European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology (ESMRMB) 2020
Abstract Objective The present study applied in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) to concurrently measure the concentration and T2 relaxation time of glutamate with the concept of optimized-for-quantification-and-T2-measurementof-glutamate (OpQT2-Glu). Materials and methods 7T MRS scans of the OpQT2-Glu were acquired from the prefrontal cortex of five rats. The echotime-(TE)-specific J-modulation of glutamate was investigated by spectral simulations and analyses for selecting the eight TEs appropriate for T2 estimation of glutamate. The OpQT2-Glu results were compared to those of the typical short-TE MRS and T2 measurements. Results No significant differences were observed between the OpQT2-Glu and typical short-TE MRS (p > 0.050). The estimated glutamate T2 (67.75 ms) of the OpQT2-Glu was similar to the multiple TE MRS for the T2 measurement (71.58 ms) with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and reliability. Discussion The results revealed that the quantification reliability of the OpQT2-Glu was comparable to that of the single short-TE MRS and its estimation reliability for the T2 relaxation time of glutamate was enhanced compared to the multiple TE MRS for T2 measurement. Despite certain limitations, the quantification and T2 estimation of glutamate can be concurrently performed within an acceptable scan time via high-field in vivo 1H MRS with the OpQT2-Glu. Keywords In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy · Glutamate · Brain metabolism and microenvironment
Introduction In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) has been used for the noninvasive and spatioselective measurement of brain metabolites and for investigating metabolic changes in various diseases [1, 2]. The synergy of high-field * Bo‑Young Choe [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #222 Banpo‑Daero Seocho‑Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
3
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
4
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
and short-echo-time (TE) techniques have further improved the quantification reliability, particularly for metabolites with a strong coupled spin system and spectral overlap [3, 4], including glutamate (Glu) and glutamine. Previously, in vivo 1 H MRS studies have reported that metabolic alterations in the glutamatergic system may indica
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