An integrated framework for municipal demand management and groundwater recovery in a water stressed area
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ORIGINAL PAPER
An integrated framework for municipal demand management and groundwater recovery in a water stressed area Ahmed E. M. Al-Juaidi 1 Received: 8 December 2018 / Accepted: 2 May 2019 / Published online: 18 May 2019 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2019
Abstract Aiming at meeting future water demands in Palestine, an optimization model is developed to help Palestinian water planners to find the optimal combination of management alternatives that meet future demands of 2040 at minimal costs. The model considers three different options:(A) utilizing existing groundwater from groundwater resources; (B) conserving water through retrofitting the existing household water system; and (C) buying water from Mekorot company. A calibrated groundwater model is employed to investigate the combination of those management alternatives on groundwater recovery. The uniqueness of this study is its inclusiveness of several water demand and supply alternatives which have a direct impact on water demand and seawater intrusion recovery. Model results show several crucial outcomes: (1) a combination of supply and conservation alternatives for all districts to minimize cost;(2) retrofitting toilet and clothes washer should be given priority over retrofitting household shower and faucet for all districts in order to save on water use. Furthermore, when demand is reduced by 23% in 2018, through the implementation of conservation in conjunction with buying water from Mekorot and use of groundwater, the seawater intrusion reduced from 150 to 114 km2 which indicates substantial aquifer recovery. Keywords Demand management . Conservation . Optimization . Groundwater recovery . Palestine
Introduction Water authorities and planners constantly developing new tools to find feasible and economic decisions to meet future water demands (Yazdani and Jeffrey 2012; Yamout and ElFadel 2005; Al-Juaidi and Hegazy 2017a; Al-Juaidi and Hegazy 2017a, b). Managing water resources in highdensity urban areas is difficult as managers try not only to meet future municipal demands but also to minimize associated costs of developing new water supply sources (Babel et al. 2005; Al-Juaidi 2017a; Al-Juaidi 2017b). As a result, management alternatives should be planned for to help decision-makers manage their available resources more efficiently. System analysis and optimization methods are useful
Editorial handling: Mingjie Chen * Ahmed E. M. Al-Juaidi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Civil Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
tools to help water authorities see multiple options and flexibility of their management decisions (Ratnayaka et al. 2009; Al-Juaidi et al. 2009; Al-Juaidi et al. 2010; Al-Juaidi et al. 2011a; Al-Juaidi et al. 2011b; Al-Juaidi et al. 2014). Optimization models have been extensively used in water distribution systems and household conservations to find the optimal mixture of alternatives that minimizes costs of supply and demand management (Rosenberg et al. 2007; Roshani a
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